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Galleria Tassonomica
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Natura Mediterraneo
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nimispl
Utente Senior
Città: Trieste
Prov.: Trieste
Regione: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
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 Inserito il - 06 gennaio 2011 : 14:07:17
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...ho trovato il file con glossario.
Adesso provo a vedere se riesco a metterlo qui: spero di non fare disastri...
PL
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A GLOSSARY
As for all languages, botanical language has deep roots in the past. Modern authors tend to adopt the same terms they learnt as students from their professors, as the latter did when they were students. Old-inherited terminology, however, can easily degenerate into jargon. A term like leprose dates back to times when lepra was a common skin disease in Europe. Today, it evokes something only to people which have other things to do than appreciating a leprose thallus. Botanical jargon largely derives from ancient Greek or Latin, e.g. “acicular”, “anisotomic-dichotomous”, “apothecium”, “paraplechtenchymatous”. Coined at a time where most scholars were fluent in these languages, such terms are often mute to modern users. Technical jargon is indispensable in any scientific discipline. We wonder, however, whether at least some of the old-inherited terms could be changed, making them more understandable in broader circles. Most programs of automatic identification, including FRIDA, can adapt terminology to the user’s needs. If a teacher has explained to children that a lichen can bear “flying discs”, that term can appear in the keys instead of the Ostrogothic “apothecia”. In this book, we refrained from such an endeavour, with some exceptions (e.g. see “biatorine” and “lecideine” in the glossary).
Acicular (of spores): needle-like, very narrow and long, e.g. those of Arthrorhaphis.
Acuminate (of spores): pointed, with acute ends.
Adglutinate (of paraphyses): not easily detachable from each other, almost glued together.
Adnate (of apothecia): not restricted at the base.
Adpressed (of thallus): closely adhering to the substrate.
Alpine (of distribution): occurring above treeline in the Alps and in the highest peaks of the Central Apennines. More details in the introduction
Amyloid (of asci, or thallus parts): reacting I+ blue.
Anastomosing (of paraphyses): branched, the branches joining irregularly, forming a net; e.g. those of Micarea.
Angiocarp (of ascocarps): the hymenium is not exposed until the asci are mature. This term was not used in this book. See also hemiangiocarp.
Anisotomic (of thallus parts): dividing in unequal parts, with a division which is thicker or/and longer then the others; e.g. the branching of Alectoria nigricans. See also dichotomic, isotomic, tetrachtomous, trichotomous.
Anticlinally (of hyphae): the hyphae are arranged perpendicularly to the surface of the thallus.
Anular: ring-like, like the structure found in the apical apparatus of some asci.
Apical: located at the top. See also tholus.
Apothecia (singular: apothecium): the fruiting bodies of discocarpous Ascomycetes, ascocarps where the hymenium is fully exposed to the air, usually forming a disc, surrounded or not by a margin. Depending on the type of margin, they may be lecanorine or non-lecanorine. Most apothecia have a more or less rounded form, with several exceptions: some (e.g. those of some Pertusaria) are perithecioid, the disc being completely surrounded by the thalline margin, the spores being discharged by a narrow pore, others (e.g. in Graphis, Opegrapha, etc.) are elongated and ramified (lirelliform), etc.
Arachnoid (of thallus): a tissue of lax hyphae, cottony in appearance.
Areolae (singular: areola): portions of crustose thalli divided by cracks. They may be contiguous or dispersed, rounded, angular, or elongate, flat or convex, etc.
Areolate (of thallus, or of cortex): disrupted into areolae. This term is often used also for the schizidia-like structures present on the podetia of some Cladonias (e.g. in Cladonia pyxidata).
Asci (singular: ascus): sac-like structures within which the spores are formed. Important taxonomic characters at supraspecific level are the layers of the ascus wall (see bitunicate, unitunicate), and the structure of the ascus tip, which facilitates the dispersal of spores (see tholus). These features - best observed under the microscope by applying I to a thin section - are rarely used in the dichotomies, being rather difficult to appreciate, but they are often mentioned in the descriptions.
Ascocarp: the fruiting body of any Ascomycete, i.e. the structure in which the fungal partner produces the spores. See apothecia and perithecia.
Ascoma (plural: ascomata): see ascocarp.
Ascospores: see spores.
Aspicilioid (of apothecia): lecanorine apothecia half-immersed in the thallus, the thalline margin not prominent, but containing algae in section; e.g. those of Aspicilia calcarea. See also cryptolecanorine.
Axil (of podetia): the point where two branches diverge. In some species of Cladonia the axils are occupied by a hole (perforated axils).
Axis: the term mostly refers to the compact, thread-like medulla of Usnea-species (central axis, or central chord).
Bacilliform (of spores and conidia): stick-shaped, narrowly cylindrical, the ends not acute.
Biatorine (of apothecia): apothecia “lacking a true exciple when mature, and which are pale or more or less coloured, soft in consistency, and generally strongly convex” (from Purvis et al. 1992). In other terms, a lecideine apothecium with a non-black margin. This rather difficult term is not used here, being subsumed under the expression “non-lecanorine”.
Biseriate (of spores): arranged more or less in two rows inside the asci.
Bitunicate (of ascus walls): the ascus wall is composed of two layers (endo- and esoascus), which tend to separate at the time of dispersal of spores: the more rigid outer wall breaks, the inner wall rapidly collapses. See also: fissitunicate, unitunicate.
Blastidia: propagules for the asexual reproduction of the lichen symbiosis, produced by the budding of thalli in a yeast-like manner, with each new blastidium produced from the tip of the previous one; they are easily confused with soredia, more rarely with isidia; in these keys, they are mostly subsumed under “soredia”.
Branches: parts of ramified fruticose lichens with a more or less circular section.
Bullate (of thallus parts): bubble-like, restricted at the base. Used esp. for squamulose lichens, e.g. the squamules of some Toninia, e.g. T. toepfferi.
C (reagents): bleaching water solution (sodium hypochlorite) or undiluted commercial bleach. This reagent is short-lasting, it should renovated after ca. 10-20 days (more often in summer or in heated spaces). Reactions with C are sometimes ephemeral. Attention! Pure sodium hypochlorite - due to its odour - is becoming rare in supermarkets, being substituted by other products, some of which may give odd reactions.
Canaliculate (of thallus parts): channelled (e.g. the lobes of Flavocetraria cucullata).
Capitate (of soralia): soredia grouped into more or less convex knots, located at the end of lobes or branches (e.g. those of Hypogymnia tubulosa); the term is sometimes used also for paraphyses with distinctly swollen apical cells.
Capitulum: the spore-bearing, enlarged part of the pin-like apothecia of some Caliciales.
Carbonaceous (of parts of the ascocarps): coal-like, black, non-transparent, and friable (section!), such as the apothecial margins of Opegrapha.
Cephalodia (singular: cephalodium): lichenised structures containing cyanobacteria, found in thalli with a chlorococcoid main photobiont. They may appear as warts (e.g. Peltigera aphthosa), or coralloid outgrowths (e.g. Lobaria amplissima) on the upper surface of foliose lichens, or as small warts on the pseudopodetia of fruticose lichens such as Stereocaulon. In some species they are scarcely visible, being immersed in the thallus (e.g. the internal cephalodia of some Solorina-species).
Cerebriform: folded, like the human brain.
Chlorococcoid (of photobiont): one-celled green algae, excluding Trentepohlia: the photobiont layer has a bright green colour. See also trentepohliod.
Cilia: human hair-like, stout outgrowths composed by several hyphae, usually arising from the edge of foliose thalli. (e.g. in Parmotrema), not to be confused with hairs.
Clavate (of spores, or of asci): club-like, with one end thicker than the other.
Coccoid (of photobiont cells): more or less spherical.
Concolourous: of the same colour.
Concrescent (e.g. of apothecia, of lobes, etc.): becoming jointed.
Confluent: becoming merged (e.g. of soralia).
Conglutinate (of apothecial parts, esp. paraphyses): not easily detachable, almost glued together.
Conidia (singular: conidium): fragments of fungal hyphae produced in great number within pycnidia. They may serve for vegetative reproduction, but their most probable role is that of acting as “male” cells for the sexual reproduction of the mycobiont of ascomycetes. Their dubious role is the reason of a confusing terminology: they are often called pycnoconidia, pycnospores (an odd term, which should not be endorsed: spores being the product of sexual reproduction), spermatia, spermogonia. They may be one- or more-celled, and of very different forms and sizes. They are important in systematics (see Vobis 1980), but they rarely appear in the dichotomies of these keys, because they are not always easy to observe. In some groups (e.g. Micarea) there are different types of spermogonia, whose different functions still await elucidation: see macroconidia, microconidia.
Conidiophorous (of cells): fungal cells, usually located inside pycnidia, which in various ways give rise to conidia.
Consoredia: a term used only for some species of Lepraria and Leproloma, which have a thallus consisting of a mass of soredia-like granules. It refers to the case in which the granules are fused into larger clusters.
Constricted (of apothecia): becoming narrow towards the attachment point, e.g. the apothecia of Lecanora epibryon as opposed to those of Micarea adnata.
Constricted (of spores): the width of the spore is shorter at the level of the septum than between septa.
Coralloid (of isidia, or thallus parts): coral-like, densely ramified, sometimes almost shrubby, e.g. the isidia of Lasallia pustulata.
Cortex: the outer layer of thalli, when it consists of densely compacted and ordinately arranged hyphae. Several foliose lichens may have both an upper and a lower cortex. See also paraplectenchymatous, prosoplectenchymatous.
Corticate (of thallus parts): provided with a cortex.
Crenate-crenulate (of thallus and thallus parts): with rounded marginal teeth.
Crustose (of thallus): crust-like, without lower cortex and rhizinae, attached to the substratum by a dense hyphal net, hence gas exchanges only possible through the upper surface. Crustose lichens can be only collected together with their substratum.
Cryptolecanorine (of apothecia): lecanorine apothecia more or less immersed in the thallus, the thalline margin not prominent (see also aspicilioid).
Crystals (of anatomical sections): usually of oxalates. The presence and size of crystals in anatomical sections (esp. of apothecia) is important for identification in some groups (e.g. in some Lecanora). They are best observed in thin sections under polarised light. The pruina as well is mostly composed of small to coarse crystals.
Cups (in Cladonia): cup-like endings of podetia. They generally bear apothecia and pycnidia at the margin; sometimes they are proliferating, either from the margin or from the centre, giving rise to several stocks of superimposed cups (e.g. in Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata).
Cyanobacterial (of photobiont): the photobiont is a Cyanobacterium. In section, it has a characteristic blue-green colour. Cyanobacteria belong to two main different groups: filamentous (thread-like, e.g. Nostoc, Scytonema) and coccaceous (several cells joined into a spherical structure, e.g. Gloeocapsa). Nostoc, however, can occur in the typical form, with a thread-like, moniliform series of globular cells (e.g. in Collema), or in very short-chained forms, sometimes reduced to a series of a few cells only (e.g. in some small Leptogium-species).
Cyphellae (singular: cyphella): like pseudocyphellae, these are structures for facilitating gas-exchange, but have a more complex structure, with a layer of globular, thin-walled cells delimiting a gaping hole. The only Italian lichens with cyphellae (more or less round openings in the lower surface) belong to Sticta, which is not included in these keys.
Diaspore: a rather confusing term of the lichenological jargon, designating anything which can reproduce the lichen, including things like spores (sexual reproduction) and isidia (vegetative reproduction), both protected by the large umbrella of the term “spores”. This term, in our opinion, must be abandoned. See also propagule.
Dichotomous (of thallus parts): branching into equal branches, as in the letter Y (see also: anisotomic, isotomic tetrachtomous, trichotomous).
Diffuse (of soralia): evenly spread through the thallus (e.g. those of Phlyctis argena).
Disc (of apothecia): the exposed upper surface of the hymenium in lichens with apothecia.
Discocarpous (of mycobionts): lichenised fungi with apothecia.
Dorsiventral (of thallus): with clearly different upper and lower surfaces (e.g. the thallus of Evernia prunastri).
E- (general suffix): without (e.g. epruinose, ecorticate, etc.).
Ecorticate (of thallus): without cortex.
Effigurate (of crustose thalli): with radiating marginal lobes, e.g. Squamarina lentigera; see also placodioid.
Endo- (general suffix): lying inside something else (e.g. endolithic, endoascus).
Endoascus (of asci): see bitunicate.
Endolithic (of thallus): completely embedded in the rock, incl. the photobiont layer (e.g. in most species of Bagliettoa, or in Clauzadea immersa). There are at least two types of endolithic lichens: some are typical of dry areas (deserts and semi-deserts, dry valleys in Antarctica, etc.), mostly on siliceous rocks, others - the most widespread in Italy - occur on compact limestone. These two types differ considerably in morphology and ecology (Tretiach 1995). See also endosubstratic, hemiendosubtratic.
Endosubstratic (of thallus): completely embedded in the substratum, incl. the photobiont layer, e.g. the thallus of Bagliettoa parmigera). See also endolithic, hemiendosubtratic.
Ephemeral (of thalli): of short duration.
Epi- (general suffix): lying above something else (e.g. epithecium, epiphytic).
Epicortex (of thallus): a term used only for Parmelia s.latiss., which designates a more or less amorphous layer lying above the upper cortex. Never used in this book.
Epigaeic (of lichens): growing on the ground; see Introduction.
Epihymenium (of apothecia): see epithecium.
Epilithic (of thallus): growing above a rock surface (see also: endolithic).
Epinecral (of thallus): a superficial layer consisting of the residues of dead fungal and algal cells covering the upper surface, with an amorphous appearance in microscopic sections, commonly present in several crustose lichens, both with and without a true cortex.
Epiphytic (of thallus): growing on the bark of higher plants.
Epiphytic: growing on living plants (mostly excluding bryophytes).
Epipsamma (of apothecia): a term used for the epihymenium, when this is granular, or rich in crystals. Never used in this book.
Epispore: the outer part of the spore wall, when this is thick and often ornamented (e.g. with ridges, warts, etc.). See also perispore.
Epithecium (of apothecia): the uppermost part of the hymenium, formed by the usually pigmented upper cells of paraphyses: it often has a distinct colour, and sometimes characteristic reactions useful for identification. It must be observed under thin microscopic sections.
Epruinose (of thallus and apothecia): without pruina.
Eso- (general suffix): lying outside something else (e.g. esoascus).
Esoascus (of asci): see bitunicate.
Excipulum (sometimes deformed into “exciple”, of ascocarps): the tissue(s) forming the margin of an apothecium, or the walls of a perithecium. In the case of apothecia, lichenologists often distinguish between an “excipulum proprium” (proper, or true margin, formed only by the fungus) and an “excipulum thallinum” (thalline margin, containing also the photobiont). In this book the term “excipulum” may appear in the descriptions - in which case it is always used for anatomical features of the proper margin - and is not used in the dichotomies, being subsumed under margin for all lichens with non-lecanorine apothecia. See also pyrenium.
Farinose (of soredia, pruina): small and powdery, looking like meal. See also granulose.
Fasciculate (of rhizines): with several, more or less parallel branches originating from the same point. See also squarrose.
Fibrillae (singular: fibrilla): in Usnea these are short, simple branches perpendicular to the main ones; in foliose lichens this term is used for pale cilia-like structures found on the margin of the lobes (e.g. in Physcia adscendens, Anaptychia ciliaris, etc.).
Filamentous (of thallus, or of cyanobacterial photobionts): thread-like (e.g. the thalli of Alectoria, Bryoria, Ramalina thrausta, Usnea, and those of Nostoc among photobionts).
Fissitunicate (of asci): bitunicate.
Foliose (of thallus): leaf-like, flattened, with an upper and lower surface, gas exchange occurring from both faces, usually with rhizinae. Some lichens (e.g. Anaptychia ciliaris and Pseudevernia furfuracea) have a basically foliose, flattened thallus, which, however, tends to develop into three dimensions, and is not attached to the substratum by rhizinae; in these keys, they are treated both among the foliose and the fruticose lichens.
Foveolate (of thallus): with small, shallow depressions.
Fruticose (of thallus): developing in three dimensions, often shrub-like, and round to inflated in section, gas exchange occurring throughout the surface. See also foliose, and squamulose.
Fusiform (of spores): spindle-like, broader in the centre and narrowing towards the ends.
Gelatinous (of thallus - cyanobacterial lichens): becoming jellyish when wet (e.g. Collema). The cyanobacterial cells are surrounded by coats which tend to absorb liquid water, becoming jelly-like when wet. This character is easy to appreciate in some genera (e.g. Collema) in which the photobiont is predominant, less easy in other genera, like Leptogium. See also homeomerous, heteromerous.
Glabrous: without hairs or tomentum.
Glaucescent (of colours): bluish-greenish grey.
Globose: spherical.
Gloeocapsa: a genus of cyanobacteria characterised, together with other similar genera, by more or less spherical masses containing clusters of cells with a distinct, multi-layered, sometimes pigmented gelatinous coat. Most frequent in the Lichinaceae.
Goniocyst: more or less spherical groups of green algal cells surrounded by short hyphae, but without a true cortex (section!), forming a minutely-granulose thallus (e.g. in Micarea).
Granules (of thallus parts): small, coarse, more or less spherical, mostly corticate elements making up most of the thallus.
Granulose (of soredia): coarse, resembling granules, but without cortex. See also farinose.
Hairs: short, erect, transparent, hair-like structures, generally present on the upper cortex, and formed by a single hypha (e.g. in Agonimia opuntiella, Phaeophyscia hirsuta). See also cilia, fibrillae, and tomentum.
Halonate (of spores): with a thick, transparent, gelatinous outer coat. See also perispore.
Hamathecium (of ascocarps): a rather difficult, “neutral” term, which was never used in this book, referring to all types of sterile hyphae (paraphyses, paraphysoids, periphyses, etc.) which occur in the hymenium.
Haustorium (plural: haustoria): hyphae of the mycobiont which apparently penetrate inside the cells of the photobiont.
Hemi- (general suffix): almost, partially.
Hemiangiocarp (of ascocarps): the hymenium is initially protected by a covering layer, which disrupts when the asci are ripe. Not used in this book. See also angiocarp.
Hemiendolithic (of thallus): see hemiendosubtratic.
Hemiendosubstratic (of thallus): embedded in the substratum, except the photobiont layer (e.g. Caloplaca ochracea as opposed to Bagliettoa-species). This character, being difficult to appreciate, was not used in these keys.
Heterocyst (of photobionts): a cell of filamentous cyanobacteria which differs from the others in the chain by its paler cytoplasm and its thicker wall, devoted to nitrogen fixation. Never used in these keys.
Heteromerous (of thallus): having the mycobiont and the photobiont separated into well-distinct layers. See also homeomerous, gelatinous when wet.
Homeomerous (of thallus): having the mycobiont and the photobiont evenly intermixed throughout the thallus (e.g. in Collema). See also gelatinous when wet, heteromerous.
Hyaline (of spores): transparent, colourless.
Hymenial algae (of lichens with perithecia): green algal cells contained inside the hymenium of some groups of pyrenocarpous lichens (e.g. Endocarpon, Staurothele). They are often visible under a binocular, the sections of perithecia having a bright green core. These algae are often different in shape and size from those of the thallus.
Hymenium (of ascocarps, in section): the layer where asci arise and spores are produced. Its thickness, colour, and the reactions, esp., with I, may be important in some groups. The thickness should be measured starting from the roots of the asci, including the epihymenium. See also thecium.
Hypha (plural: hyphae): one of the filaments constituting the fungal mycelium.
Hypo- (general Greek suffix): lying below something else (e.g. hypothallus, hypothecium). See also sub-.
Hypothallus: marginal part of the thallus of foliose or squamulose lichens, composed only by the fungus, normally with a different colour and texture. In these keys, this term is often merged with prothallus.
Hypothecium (of apothecia): in these keys this terms refers indiscriminately for all tissues located below the hymenium. Its thickness, reactions and esp. pigmentation may be important for identification. See also subhymenium.
Imbricate (of thallus parts): overlapping, shingle-like, as the tiles of a roof, e.g. the squamules of Mycobilimbia lurida.
Immersed (of ascocarps and pycnidia): embedded in the substratum (e.g. the apothecia of Clauzadea immersa), or in the thallus (e.g. the perithecia of Catapyrenium cinereum).
Inflated (of thallus parts): swollen.
Inspersed (of the hymenium, in sections): full of oil droplets which render it somehow milky, not transparent in a microscopic section.
Involucrellum (of perithecia): a usually black, lid-like structure originating from the upper part of the perithecium, protecting the ostiole. It can be best observed - often under a binocular - by vertically sectioning the perithecium. It is mostly limited to the upper part, but sometimes it extends until the base of the perithecium. Its presence may be important for identification (e.g. in Catapyrenium s. lat., Verrucaria).
Isidia (singular: isidium): structures for the vegetative reproduction of the lichen, which derive from swellings of the upper cortex, and contain photobionts. The true isidia are always corticate, as opposed to soredia. They may have different forms: erect and more or less round in section (simple or ramified-coralloid), or flattened (spathulate, peltate), etc. See also blastidia, phyllidia, and schizidia.
Isidiate (of thalli): with isidia.
Iso- (general suffix): equal, e.g. isodiametric, isotomic.
Isodiametric (of thallus parts): having more or less the same diameter, mostly rounded in shape, but also angular.
Isotomic (of thallus parts): dividing in regular dichotomies into equal branches. See also anisotomic, dichotomic, tetrachtomous, trichotomous.
I (reactions): the typical Lugol’s solution, which can be purchased by specialised furnishers: a water solution with 1.5% of Iod and 10% of KOH solution.
K (reactions): a ca. 10% water solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). It can be substituted with household lye (sodium hydroxide, NaOH).
KC (reactions): the test is performed by wetting the tested area first with K, then with C. These reactions are often ephemeral. In most cases, the KC test enhances the results obtained with C only.
Labriform (of soralia): soredia originating from the lower face of lobes which tend to bent upwards, the soralia assuming a lip-like form (e.g. Hypogymnia physodes, Phaeophyscia chloantha).
Laciniae (singular: lacinia): flattened parts of ramified fruticose lichens (e.g. Ramalina fraxinea). Sometimes called lobes.
Laminal: located on the upper surface of the thallus, e.g. the soralia of Parmelia sulcata.
Lax (of medulla): loose, not compact.
Lecanorine (of apothecia): with a thalline margin containing photobionts. In most cases, the colour of the margin is very different from that of the disc. In some genera, however the colour is similar (e.g. in several species of Caloplaca), and one has to look for photobionts in microscopic sections. See also aspicilioid, biatorine, lecideine, zeorine.
Lecideine (of apothecia): having a margin exclusively consisting of dark-coloured fungal hyphae. In these keys, this term is subsumed under the expression non-lecanorine. See also biatorine, excipulum, lecanorine, zeorine.
Leprose (of thallus): a powdery mass of hydrophobic, soredia-like granules. Some experience is needed to distinguish truly leprose thalli from crustose thalli with abundant, diffuse soredia.
Lichenised (of mycobionts): always growing in symbiosis with a photobiont. In certain groups, e.g. Arthonia, some species are clearly lichenised, others are clearly non-lichenised (no true lichens), still others are of uncertain attribution.
Lignicolous: growing on wood.
Linear (of pseudocyphellae): when well-developed, narrow and elongated.
Lirelliform (of apothecia): a non-lecanorine apothecium with a long, narrow, elongated form (e.g. of Graphis, Opegrapha).
Lobes (of thalli): flattened, elongated, lichenised structures developed at the margin of the thalli (e.g. in Squamarina lentigera), or around the apothecia (e.g. in Physconia venusta). Their width should be measured in the central part. See also effigurate, placodiomorph.
Lobulate: with small lobes.
Lugol (of reactions): see I.
Macroconidia (singular: macroconidium): the larger conidium of a species that has more than one type of conidium (e.g. in some species of Micarea, or Porina).
Maculiform (of soralia): laminal soralia grouped into more or less round patches. See also punctiform.
Maezedium: a mass of spores liberated continuously by the asci of Caliciales. It appears as a powdery mass covering the apothecium. See also capitulum.
Margin (of apothecia): apothecia have two main types of margin: a) a proper margin consisting of fungal hyphae only; usually, the proper margin is similar in colour to the disc, different from the thallus. b) a thalline margin, which includes photobionts; usually similar in colour to the thallus, different from the disc (with several exceptions., e.g. in Caloplaca). In these keys, unless otherwise specified, the term “margin” always refers to the thalline margin for lecanorine apothecia, to the proper margin for non-lecanorine apothecia.
Marginal (of soralia): soredia limited to the marginal parts of thallus parts (usually lobes of foliose lichens).
Mediterranean (of distribution): occurring in the belt dominated by evergreen broad-leaved trees, mainly Quercus ilex.
Medulla: in section, this is the “central” part of the thallus, located under the photobiont layer. It is composed exclusively by loosely arranged fungal hyphae, the spaces between them facilitating gas exchange for the photosynthetic partner. It can be compact, loose or almost hollow, pigmented or not, and it often contains lichens substances which are absent in the cortex (hence, it can have peculiar reactions, or a characteristic colour under a UV-lamp).
Micareoid (of photobionts): green algae with a diameter of 4-7 mm, thin-walled, often occurring in pairs (e.g. those of Micarea).
Microconidia (singular: microconidium): the smaller conidium of a species that has more than one type of conidium (e.g. in some species of Micarea).
Moniliform (of hyphae): arranged in a thread consisting in a series of globose cells, looking like a rosary, or the chains of Nostoc.
Montane (of distribution): occurring in the belt dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica). More details in the introduction.
Muriform (of spores): looking like a brick-wall, many-celled, with many longitudinal septa and crosswalls. See also submuriform.
Mycelium: the tissue composed by the fungal partner of the lichen, consisting of hyphae.
Mycobiont: the fungal symbiotic partner in a lichen, to which the scientific name of the lichen refers.
Non-lecanorine (of apothecia): without a thalline margin. See also apothecium, biatorine, lecanorine, margin, zeorine.
Nostoc: a genus of cyanobacteria characterised by more or less long chains formed by a single row of rounded cells. In some genera (e.g. some Leptogium species) the chains are very short, consisting of a few cells only.
Ocular chamber (of asci): the ascus is bitunicate, the two layers separate at the tip leaving an empty space (see tholus), this space is concave with respect to the inner part of the ascus.
Orbicular (of thallus): more or less circular in shape.
Ornamented (of spores): spore wall not smooth. Ornamentation is important in some groups, e.g. in Buellia.
Oromediterranean (of distribution): occurring above treeline in the highest mountains of the Mediterranean, excluding the Alps and the Central Apennines. More details in the Introduction.
Ostiole: pore-like opening situated at the top of a perithecium or of pycnidia, through which the propagules escape.
Oval (of spores): egg-like, the convex part lying more or less in the centre, symmetrical with respect to the two axes.
Ovoid (of spores): see oval.
P (reagents): Para-phenylendiamine in alcoholic solution (of short duration!). It is also possible to prepare P in water solution: e.g. 1 g of Para-phenylendiamine, 10 g of Natrium sulphate in 100 ml water. This substance, although still utilised e.g. for hair dying, might be carcinogenic. It should be used with great care (especially avoid to breath it when using the microscope!). Teachers should not endorse its use by students, unless if coupled with a lesson on the use of potentially dangerous substances, and with the corresponding measures.
Paraphyses (singular: paraphysis): sterile hyphae in the hymenium, forming a palisade within which the asci are interspersed. They may be simple or ramified, in some case they are anastomosing; the upper cells, sometimes inflated and most often pigmented, form the epihymenium. The true paraphyses always start from the base of the hymenium. See also paraphysoids and periphyses.
Paraphysoids: structures resembling paraphyses, but originating from the hymenial tissue between the asci as pre-ascal elements stretching with the growth of the hymenium. They are usually thin, abundantly branched and anastomosing, e.g. in Arthonia. In this book, this term is sometimes used in the descriptions, being substituted by the term paraphyses in the dichotomies.
Paraplectenchymatous (of sections): a fungal tissue (section!) consisting of more or less isodiametric, rounded to angular cells. See also: plectenchyma, prosoplectenchymatous.
Parasitic: this term is used here in a very broad, often incorrect sense: it refers both to truly parasitic fungi growing on lichens, and to the so-called “parasymbiontic” lichens, i.e. those which regularly start their life-cycle on other lichens, without being true parasites; in fact, having a photobiont layer, they are autotrophic. Their “parasitism” probably consisting in “stealing” photobionts from the host lichen. More research is necessary to clarify the complex relations between “parasymbiontic” lichens and their hosts.
Parasymbiontic: see parasitic.
Parathecium (of apothecia): proper margin, formed only by fungal hyphae. Not used in this book, because not necessary.
Peltate: plate-like, with a single attachment point from the centre of the lower surface (e.g. the isidia of Peltigera lepidophora).
Periclinal (of hyphae): parallel to the surface.
Periphyses (singular: periphysis): hyphae resembling paraphyses, produced near the ostioles of perithecia. They are mostly short and thin, hair-like.
Periphysoids: this term is used by some authors to designate paraphyses-like structures of pyrenocarpous lichens, developing from the upper part of the pyrenium, near the ostiole, and growing downwards. In these keys the term was not used consistently.
Perispore (of spores): a colourless gelatinous layer around spore, visible in microscopic sections. See also epispore, halonate.
Perithecia (singular: perithecium): globose to flask-like ascomata where the hymenium is enclosed within a “box” opening through a narrow apical pore at the summit, called ostiole. See also: involucrellum, pyrenocarpous.
Perithecioid (of apothecia): opening through a pore, hence disc not evident and the whole structure resembling a perithecium (e.g. Pertusaria pertusa). In a few cases, it might be very difficult for a beginner to distinguish between a true perithecium and a perithecioid apothecium (e.g. in Belonia russula). In such cases, the species also appears in the keys among those having perithecia.
Photobiont: the photosynthetic partner of a lichen. In our keys three main types of photobionts are used for identification: cyanobacterial, chlorococcoid, and trentepohlioid.
Phyllidia (singular: phyllidium): flattened structures resembling small lobes, formed by abstriction of a leaf-like part of the thallus, and serving for the vegetative reproduction of the lichen; they are sometimes difficult to distinguish from flattened isidia; this term is used very seldom in these keys.
Phyllocladia (singular: phyllocladium): minute, granular, verrucose to coralloid, peltate to digitate parts of the thallus of Stereocaulon, bearing the photobiont.
Pigmented (mostly of spores): coloured, not transparent in section (e.g. the spores of Buellia and Rinodina).
Placodioid (of crustose thalli): orbicular, with radiating marginal lobes. A difficult, not indispensable term of the lichenological jargon, not used in this book. See also effigurate.
Placodiomorph (of crustose thalli): see placodioid.
Plectenchyma (of thallus sections): a general term for all false tissues formed by the mycobiont only. See also paraplectenchymatous, prosoplectenchymatous.
Pluricellular (of spores): many-celled.
Podetia (singular: podetium): lichenised, fruticose structures of Cladonia and a few related genera, ontogenetically developing from a vertical extension of the lower apothecial tissues. Most of the Cladonia have two types of thallus: a primary, crustose to squamulose thallus, and the "podetia". However, a beginner might wonder whether the thalli of e.g. Dactylina ramulosa or Thamnolia vermicularis are "podetia" or not. As far as possible, we have tried to use this term only within Cladonia. See also primary, pseudopodetia.
Polar-diblastic (of spores): two-celled, the cells being connected by a narrow canal (most Teloschistaceae), whose length may be important for identification.
Polymorphic: of different forms.
Primary (of thallus parts): some fruticose lichens (especially Cladonia) have two types of thallus: the primary one, crustose or squamulose, gives origin to fruticose structures (podetia and pseudopodetia). In this book the term “primary squamules” exclusively refers to those of Cladonia, while the term “primary thallus” also refers to other genera in which podetia or pseudopodetia originate from a crust-like thallus (e.g. Baeomyces, Stereocaulon). The term “primary” has to do with the ontogeny of of thallus parts, non-primary structures (like podetia) developing from the generative tissue of the apothecia, a character which is of no use for identification.
Proliferating (of podetia): formed in the centre (e.g. in Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata) or along the margins (e.g. sometimes in Cladonia pyxidata) of cups, giving rise to one or several stocks of podetia.
Propagule: any structure serving to reproduce the lichen. Mostly used for those related to vegetative reproduction (soredia, isidia, thalloconidia, etc.). See also diaspore.
Proper (of apothecial margin): see margin.
Prosoplectenchymatous (of thallus sections): fungal tissue consisting of coalesced, more or less elongated hyphal cells; see also paraplectenchymatous.
Prothallus: marginal part of the thallus of crustose lichens, composed only by the fungus, normally with a different colour and texture. In some cases (e.g. Placynthium nigrum) it is rather thick and felt-like, in other cases (e.g. Rhizocarpon species growing on quartz) it appears in the form of thin, branched bundles of hyphae exploring the substratum. See also hypothallus.
Pruina: powdery, frost-like deposits of crystals (often calcium oxalates), present on the cortex, or on the ascocarps; they may be very small and powdery, or aggregated into larger clumps; they are usually white, rarely of other colours (e.g. yellow in some Caliciales).
Pruinose: covered by pruina.
Pseudo- (general suffix): resembling to something without being it (e.g. pseudopodetia).
Pseudocyphellae (singular: pseudocyphella): small interruptions of the cortex where the medulla is exposed to facilitate gas exchange. They may be linear-elongate (e.g. in Parmelia sulcata), reticulate (e.g. in Parmotrema reticulatum), punctiform (e.g. in Punctelia subrudecta). This character is important, esp. for foliose lichens, but is often difficult to appreciate for beginners (cracks in the cortex are often mistaken for pseudocyphellae).
Pseudopodetia (singular: pseudopodetium): in the dictionary of Fungi by Hawksworth et al. (1995) this term is defined as follows “a lichenised, podetium-like structure of vegetative origin, ascogonia arising on this not on the pre-formed granular or squamulose thallus initials”. The difference between podetia and pseudopodetia has to do with their ontogeny (see primary), and lies outside the scope of identification keys. In the dichotomies, pseudopodetia are mostly subsumed under podetia.
Pubescent (of thallus parts): covered by thin, short hairs.
Pustula (plural: pustulae): bubble-like swellings present on the thalli of some species (e.g. Collema nigrescens, Lasallia).
Pustulate (of thallus): covered by pustulae.
Pycnidia (singular: pycnidium): flask-like structures, resembling perithecia, in which conidia are produced. They are mostly, but not always, dark-coloured, immersed in the thallus, appearing as small dots. Sometimes, however, they become prominent (e.g. in some Micarea species), and may have very different colours (from white to yellow-orange).
Pycnidiospores: see conidia. This term was never used in these keys.
Pyrenium (of perithecia): the wall of perithecia. A term which was never used in these keys. See also excipulum.
Pyrenocarpous (of mycobionts): lichenised fungi with perithecia.
Pyrenolichen: a lichen with perithecia.
Pyriform (of spores, perithecia): pear-shaped.
Reniform (of spores): kidney-like, curved.
Reticulate: net-like and interconnected (e.g. like the pseudocyphellae of Parmotrema reticulatum).
Revolute (of thallus parts): bent downward.
Rhizines: bundles of hyphae mostly originating from the lower cortex, which anchor foliose or squamulose lichens to the substratum. Their shape and length may be important diagnostic characters in some genera (e.g. Peltigera). See also rhizohyphae.
Rhizinomorphs: rhizine-like structures, usually found on the lower surface of umbilicate thalli belonging to Umbilicaria and Dermatocarpon, which do not function as attachment organs.
Rhizohyphae: individual hyphae, pigmented or colourless, which anchor the squamules of some lichens (e.g. Catapyrenium s.lat.) to the substratum. They should not be confused with rhizines, which originate from a lower cortex, and are stouter, being composed of thick bundles of hyphae.
Rimose (of thallus): irregularly and minutely cracked, without distinct areolae. A rather odd term, which was seldom used in these keys.
Rosette-shaped (of thallus): rounded in shape, symmetrical, mostly with radiating marginal lobes (e.g. Squamarina lentigera).
Saddle-shaped (of apothecia): used only for some Peltigera-species, those whose apothecia are elongated and curved, like the saddle of a horse (e.g. P. polydactyla), as opposed to those with flattened, horizontal apothecia (e.g. P. horizontalis).
Scabrose (of thallus surface): having a minutely roughened surface, generally caused by an accumulation of dead cortical material (e.g. Peltigera scabrosa).
Schizidia (singular: schizidium): structures for the vegetative reproduction of the lichen, deriving from the scale-like flaking of the upper cortex into flattened to convex areolae which are detached from the thallus. They have the same function as isidia and phyllidia, but they are corticate only above (e.g. Cladonia pyxidata, Fulgensia subbracteata).
Scytonema (of photobionts): a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria with “false” branching, by breaking through its gelatinous sheath.
Secundary (of thallus): see primary.
Semi- (suffix): half, almost.
Semi-immersed (of apothecia): half immersed in the thallus.
Septa (of spores, singular: septum): cross-walls separating the individual cells of more than 1-celled spores; their thickness is an important character in some groups (e.g. in Caloplaca).
Sessile (of apothecia): not immersed, sitting on the surface, but without a stalk of any kind. See also stipitate.
Soralia (singular: soralium): well-delimited parts of thallus where soredia are produced breaking the upper cortex. They may be of different forms: punctiform, maculiform, labriform, linear, capitate, helmet-shaped, etc.
Soredia (singular: soredium): bundles of hyphae entwining a few photobiont cells, which serve to the vegetative reproduction of the lichen. They mostly originate from the medulla, and appear as powdery or granular masses. See also blastidia, soralia.
Spathulate (of thallus parts): flattened, in the form of a spatula, or of a spoon.
Spermatia: see conidia.
Spermogonia (singular: spermogonium): see conidia.
Spores: this term is the origin of much confusion in Mycology; in these keys it is exclusively used for the sexual propagules of the mycobionts, which, in the majority of lichens, are produced inside the asci. Spore characters (size, shape, number of cells, pigmentation, etc.) are important for identification. To appreciate all of them, one has to use a professional microscope.
Squamulose (of thallus): composed by small, scale-like lobes lifting from the surface, at least at the edges. Among the traditionally recognised growth-forms, this is the most ambiguous. Typically squamulose is the primary thallus of most Cladonia-species, which consists of small, leaf-like units attached to the substratum only laterally, without rhizines or other attachment organs. However, the term is often used - also in these keys - also for small-fruticose thalli (e.g. Toninia opuntioides). Due to the bad definition of the term, the distinction from crustose and subfruticose forms is often difficult to appreciate (e.g. in Catapyrenium s.str.). In our opinion, squamulose thalli in the strict sense - like foliose ones - should have both an upper and lower surface for gas exchange, but should be attached to the substratum only laterally or centrally. In this book we still stick to the old-fashioned, rather vague, traditional definition of the term.
Squarrose (of rhizinae): densely ramified, brush-like, with short, stiff perpendicular branches, having the appearance of a bottlebrush (e.g. in Peltigera canina).
Stigonema (of photobionts): a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria having “true branching”, resulting from perpendicular divisions of cells within the filament, found only in few cyanobacterial lichens (e.g. in Ephebe).
Stipitate (of apothecia): brought on a peduncle (e.g. the apothecia of Baeomyces).
Sub- (general Latin suffix): partially, incompletely, approaching (e.g. submuriform), or “lying under something else” (e.g. subhymenium).
Subalpine (of distribution): occurring in the belt dominated by Larix, Pinus cembra and Rhododendron, near treeline in the Alps. More details in the introduction.
Subhymenium (of apothecia): in the strict sense, this is the part of the apothecium (visible in microscopic sections) which corresponds to the generative tissue below the hymenium. In these keys, it is most often used as a synonym of hypothecium.
Submediterranean (of distribution): occurring in the belt dominated by deciduous broad-leaved trees, mainly Quercus, Carpinus and Ostrya, excluding the beech belt. See also montane. More details in the introduction.
Submuriform (of spores): weakly muriform, with only a few longitudinal septa.
Sulcate (of thallus parts): furrowed, e.g. the surface of Parmelia sulcata.
Taxon (plural: taxa): any unit in a classification scheme (family, genus, species, subspecies, etc.).
Terete (of thallus, or thallus parts): round in cross-section (e.g. the branches of many Usnea-species).
Terricolous (of lichens): see introductory chapters.
Tetrachotomous (of thallus parts): 4-branched (e.g. in some species of Cladonia). (see also: anisotomic, dichotomic, isotomic, trichotomous).
Thalline (of apothecial margins): the margin of lecanorine apothecia, produced by the thallus and hence containing the photobionts. Usually, the thalline margin has the same colour of the thallus, and differs in colour from the disc (e.g. in Lecanora chlarotera). Sometimes, however, especially when the thallus is similar in colour to the disc (e.g. in some species of Candelariella and Caloplaca), a section is needed to reveal the photobiont in the margin.
Thalloconidia (singular: thalloconidium): small propagules serving to the vegetative reproduction of the mycobiont, consisting of clumps of hyphae, which are produced on the thallus, or even on the prothallus. They may be confused with soredia, which, however, contain some cells of the photobiont, while the thallonoconidia are formed only by the mycobiont. Rare, and limited to genera such as Umbilicaria (from the lower cortex), and Protoparmelia (e.g. P. leproloma, from the margin of areolae).
Thallus (plural: thalli): the “body” of the lichen, formed by the mycobiont and the photobiont. See also hypothallus, prothallus.
Thecium (of ascocarps): a synonym of hymenium. The parts lying above and under the hymenium are often called epihymenium and subhymenium. The latter term, however, is rather ambiguous. The term thecium is never used in this book, but we consistently call its upper and lower parts epithecium and hypothecium.
Tholus (of asci): the apex of bitunicate asci, when the two walls become distant from each other, giving the impression of an apical thickening. Its features, best observed after application of I, are important for distinguishing among supraspecific ranks. They were rarely used in these keys, being often difficult to appreciate, but are mentioned in the descriptions.
Tomentose (of thallus): having a cover of soft, matted hairs, best seen under a binocular microscope or a strong lens (e.g. the lobes of Peltigera rufescens).
Torulose (of branches): cylindrical, but with regular swellings at intervals.
Torus (of spores): a thickening occurring near the septum of pluricellular spores, e.g. in most species of Rinodina.
Trentepohlial (of photobiont): a green alga related to Trentepohlia. The algal layer has a characteristic orange to greenish orange colour, due to the presence of pigments which enhance photosynthesis in condition of weak light. Most common in tropical lichens, Trentepohlia occurs in ca. 9% of Italian lichens, esp. those which live in shaded-humid situations.
Trichotomous (of thallus parts): 3-branched, e.g. the thallus of Cladonia portentosa.
Truncate (of thallus parts): ending abruptly, e.g. the lobes of Parmelia sulcata.
Umbilicate (of foliose thalli): attached by a single, more or less central point (e.g. Dermatocarpon, Rhizoplaca, Umbilicaria).
Umbonate (of apothecia): provided with a column of sterile hyphae which protrude from the hymenium in the form of a small, central wart (e.g. in Lecidea umbonata).
Uniseriate (of spores): in a single row within the ascus.
Unitunicate (of ascus walls): the wall is composed of one layer only (a primitive character). See also: bitunicate.
Urceolate (of apothecia): deeply concave, pitcher-like in form (e.g. in Diploschistes diacapsis). When young, urceolate apothecia may be confused with perithecia (see also perithecioid).
UV: the colour of thallus or (mostly) of the medulla, as it appears under a UV lamp (in darkness). Protect your eyes with adequate spectacles, and be sure that the material on which you place your sample is not in itself reactive to UV (in principle, avoid white paper). Several UV-lamps permit the observation both under short- and long-wave radiation. Short-wave is the best for lichens.
Vegetative (of reproduction): non-sexual. In lichens vegetative reproduction can involve both partners of the symbiosis (e.g. with soredia, isidia, blastidia), or the mycobiont only (e.g. with thalloconidia). See also conidia.
Veins (of thallus): vein-like thickenings or flattened structures differing in colour or shape from the rest of the lower surface of some foliose lichens, esp. in Peltigera. They are mostly very evident, and should not be confused with small foldings of the lower surface.
Verrucose (of thallus): wart-like.
Zeorine (of apothecia): A lecanorine apothecium with a proper margin completely surrounded by a layer of photobionts reaching the lower part of the hymenium. This rather difficult term was never used in this book.
Zonate (of thallus): with concentric areas of different colour (e.g. in some forms of Pertusaria amara).
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Modificato da - FOX in Data 06 aprile 2011 19:58:13
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FOX
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 00:57:57
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Segue evidenziamento delle parole..
in futuro forse anche la traduzione..
simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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Poli
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Città: Genova
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 10:46:31
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sì, dai... piano piano anche la traduzione si può fare
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La Società Lichenologica Italiana (SLI) è una società scientifica dedicata alla diffusione e al progresso degli studi lichenologici in Italia.
Veniteci a trovare!
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FOX
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 11:26:35
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Grazie Paolo, ovviamente se sei daccordo anche conn il tuo aiuto, alcuni termini mi sfuggono...
simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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Poli
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 11:50:38
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Confesso che qualcuno sfugge anche a me: tipo "Epipsamma"
Comunque nessun problema per l'aiuto: mi servirà anche da ripasso. Inizio a prendermi A-G, ma fino ala prossima settimana non riesco a mettermici.
Ciao ciao
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La Società Lichenologica Italiana (SLI) è una società scientifica dedicata alla diffusione e al progresso degli studi lichenologici in Italia.
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Sonia
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Città: Roma
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 11:57:23
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Da "The Lichens. Baden-Württemberg". Volume 1 -2 edition 1995. Volkmar Wirth
(English translation by Doyle Anderegg)
Glossary
Algal layer: in most lichens the algae lie in an #61617; continuous layer near the upper surface.
amyloid: colored blue or violet by I (iodine).
anastomosing: in the case of paraphyses: reticulate bound.
angiocarp: fruiting body, in which the hymenium is enclosed until the asci are ripe; hemiangiocarp: fruiting body enclosed at first, in which the hymenium to begin with is covered by a protective layer, which when fully mature frees the asci.
anisotomic: branching type; branching in a rather long and often thick main axis and in one (or more) shorter and weaker side axis.
anticlinal: perpendicular to the upper surface.
apical: at the tip, toward the tip.
apical structure: structure at the tip of the ascus, which functions in taking over the releasing of the spores, often in the form of a visible thickening, often colored blue (partially) with I. Of systematic importance.
apothecium: fruiting body of ascomycetes e.g. the corresponding lichens, usually of disk forming, cup form or hemispherical form, with entirely free lying [exposed] hymenium (see perithecium).
areolate: divided into small areas
aspicilioid: Ap. sunken into the thallus.
ascus (pl. asci): usually #61617; cylindric to clavate cells, in which the spores (usually 8) are produced in the fruiting bodies of the ascomycetes or in the corresponding lichens, sit in the hymenium.
erect: inclined upward growing or toward the top of up turned end of lobes.
axial mass: to be found in the tholus, often a region definitely weaker colored with iodine solution.
beard lichen: beard-like pendant lichens with filamentous segments.
basal thallus: primary thallus.
pruinose: thallus or apothecium with whitish, yellow-gray, or bluish, frost-like layer.
biatorin: apothecia with no black proper margin.
bifusiform: weak dumbbell-form, with weak swelling near both ends.
bipolar: in the case of spores: content #61617; two parts.
bitunicate: fissitunicate.
blastidiate: with blastidia.
blastidia: (sing. blastidium) producing rounded diaspores by marginal budding of thallus areoles.
foliose lichen: #61617; lobe-like divided lichen, predominantly growing on the surface with previously constructed underside.
border soralia (margins sorediate): the margin of the lobes border-like edged, #61617; long streaked soralia.
calcicolous: lime-dwelling.
calciphytic: growing on calcareous substrate.
cephalodium: in green-algae lichens bearing separate region, containing blue-green algae, either in the interior or sessile on the thallus.
chemotype: a group of chemically different individuals of smaller taxonomic importance.
chemosyndrome: biogenetically closely related group of contents.
chlorococcoid: single, #61617; spherical (also colony producing) algae related to the Chlorococcaceae (green algae).
cilia: hair-like projections.
coccoid, coccal: of approximately spherical form (in the case of single-celled, also colony building algae).
dichotomous: forked branching into two branches.
dimidiate: in the case of perithecia – outer wall reaching down to half the perithecium.
effigurate: in the case of crustose lichens – margin of the thallus appearing lobed (e.g. through elongation of radially arranged lobe- like areoles). Thallus often rosetted.
proper margin: (exciple without algae) margin of the apothecium not or only a little distinct from the disk and the interior without algae.
endolithic: lichen thallus living within the rock.
endophloeic: lichen thallus living within the tree bark.
epihymenium: outermost colored region of the hymenium, because of coloring of the paraphyses ends or a granular layer or diffuse coloring.
epiphytic: growing on other plants, e.g. trees.
epispore: (outer) wall of spores, sometimes sculptured.
eroded: hollow, frayed.
euryök: occurring over a broad habitat regions, under various habitat conditions.
eutrophic: nutrient-rich.
excipulum: (true exciple) which is clearly distinguished from the sterile envelop of the hymenium (without hypothecium), often recognized as the margin of the apothecium, here always understood as excipulum proprium (without algae), in contrast to excipulum thallinum = thalloid margin.
fibril: predominantly used in the case of beard lichen description for short, mostly #61617; horizontal side branches.
fissitunicate (= bitunicate): ascus consisting of 2 functionally different layers. When ripe and emptying spores, the rigid outer layer separates from the inner layer and surges outward (only rarely observed).
fleck soralia: delimited fleck-like soralia on the thallus upper surface.
fruiting bodies: : very general term for the production of reproductive parts.
fundort (locality): topographical concept, site of an occurrence (not to be confused with habitat).
gelatinous lichen: bluegreen algae lichens which when moist swell and take on a gelatin-like consistency.
gelatinous layer: gelatin-like, usually thin envelop, in the case of spores (perispore) or in the case of asci the thin outer layer (fuzzy coat).
gehause: (receptacle) general term for the sterile surrounding bowl-form or spherical surrounding of the hymenium and possibly hypothecium.
layered: lichen thallus, in the case of which the algae lie in a layer.
goniocyst: #61617; spherical group of algae cells surrounded by hyphae, of thallus construction, not used as a diaspore.
haustorium: sucking organ with which the fungus hyphae bore into the algal cells or nestle closely to the algae.
hemerochor: (introductions) plants, which arrive into a region only with the help of man.
hemiendolithic: Thallus partially in the interior of the rock.
heterocyst: cells of bluegreen algae, which often differ in their lighter content and the wall thickening from the remaining cells; site of nitrogen fixation.
hymenial algae: algae which are in the interior of the hymenium of perithecia and become ejected with the spores, smaller than the remaining algae.
hymenial gelatin: gelatin-like filling material in the hymenium, cementing paraphyses etc.
hymenium: layer of paraphyses and asci in the fruiting body of lichens (fungi).
hyphae: filamentous organs, of which fungus or for the most part even the lichens are constructed, producing dense tissues in lichen thallus or in the fungus fruiting body.
hypothallus: spongy tissue of the underside of many foliose lichens.
hypothecium: region within the hymenium.
inspersed: (hymenium) having fine oil droplets.
involucrellum: the receptacle partially or completely surrounding a perithecium, often a dark colored envelop or #61617; covering layer of the apex of the perithecium.
isidium: warty, peg-form, coralloid branching or #61617; spherical outgrowths of the thallus upper surface, used for vegetative reproduction.
isidiate: with isidia.
isotomic: in the case of branching; the branching equally strong and growing uniformly.
core: interior of a perithecium.
conidia: asexual reproductive body, e.g. produced in the pycnidia.
capitate soralia: spherical soralia on the ends of the lobes.
coraloid: coral-like, i.e. of cylindric branching segments.
crustose lichen: lichens one with the substrate lying closely bound crust-like, coherent, areolate or #61617; squamulose thallus, not or scarcely able to loosen without destroying.
cryptolecanorine: apothecia sunken into the thallus, bordered by the thallus, but without a thalloid margin (set off).
spherical soralia: (capitate or laminal): #61617; spherical soralia on the upper surface of the thallus.
Kurzzweig: short unbranched side branches.
thalloid margin (thalline exciple): produced by the thallus and commonly #61617; thallus colored algae containing border of an apothecium.
Laubflechte : foliose lichen.
lecanorine: apothecium with thalloid margin.
lecideine: apothecium with black proper margin.
leprose: thallus completely erupted dusty, without cortex.
lichenized: producing a lichen, i.e. the fungus is associated with algae, or algae with a fungus.
lip soralia (labriform) lip-form curved soralia on the underside of the lobe end.
lirellae: long narrow apothecia.
macroconidia: in the case of species with at least two conidia forms (pycnospore forms) the larger conidia type.
collar soralia: in the case of soralia, the ring form produced around a hole.
medulla: loose hyphal tissue underneath the algal layer.
muriform: cross and longitudinally divided spore; weakly muriform: with less cells.
mazaedium: dusty mass of spores and remains of asci and sometimes also paraphyses, covering the fruiting body.
mesoconidia: in the case of species with at least three conidia forms (pycnospore forms) the middle sized conidia type.
micareoid: algae small (4-7 #61549;m), thin-walled, often in pairs (in the case of Micarea).
microconidia: in the case of species with at least two conidia forms (pycnospore forms) the smaller conidia type.
modification: environmental influenced, non hereditary change.
navel (umbilicus): #61617; central, often single attachment of a foliose lichen, also a pointed nipple-like outgrowth of the disk of an apothecium.
navel lichen (umbilicate lichen): foliose lichen attached with a navel.
needle-form (acicular): in the case of spores: long, narrow, long pointed on one end.
net-ribbed (reticulately ridged): upper surface divided by weakly raised ridges surrounding weakly concave regions.
ocular chamber: short finger-like projections of the ascus interior region into the (inner) wall of the ascus tip.
ostiole: pore-form opening at the apex of the perithecium.
palisade parenchyma: tissue, whose hyphae are oriented #61617; at right angles to the upper surface.
papillae: small, usually #61617; regularly round, convex outgrowths of the thallus, not sharply separated from isidia.
parallel multicellular (septate): spores in the case of 3 or more ordered one behind the other.
paraphyses: filamentous, branched or unbranched, usually vertical ordered hyphae in the hymenium, attached at the base.
paraphysoid: arising before or during the production of asci “tissue”, that through lengthening becomes similar to an accumulation of pseudoparaphyses, very flaccid and reticulate.
paraplectenchymatous: a #61617; uniform fungus tissue consisting of rounded-multiangular, non elongated cells, resembling the parenchyma of higher plants.
parasymbiont: in lichenology: an additional fungus partner in the lichen symbiosis, living at the expense of the photobionts, but in contrast to a parasite not clearly damaging.
periphyses: in the case of perithecia: true filamentous hyphae in the ostiole region.
periphysoids: in the case of perithecia: filamentous hyphae growing down from near the tip of the ostiole.
perithecium: spherical to pear-form fruiting body, which opens by a #61617; central pore, usually #61617; strongly sunken into the thallus.
photobiont: the only photosynthesis capable partner in the symbiosis, i.e. bluegreen or green algae.
phyllocladium: squamule-like finger-form, coral-like to granular covering of fruticose lichens (above all in the case of podetia of Stereocaulon).
placoid: #61617; rosette growing, marginal lobed crustose lichens (with “radial” arranged elongated marginal lobes).
plectenchyme: thick tissue of fungus hyphae.
podetium (-ia): cup-, peg- to fruticose-form, usually #61617; erect part of a lichen thallus, apothecia arise on them (above all in the case of Cladonia).
primary thallus (basal thallus): in the case of species with a thallus of two different parts, the part spreading over the substrate is the first part developing.
polar 2-celled, polar diblastic, polarilocular: 2-celled spores with a thick dividing wall, which is penetrated by a thin canal connecting both cells.
prosoplectenchymatous: fungus tissue made up of elongated cells.
protococcoid = chlorococcoid.
pseudocyphellae: delicate whitish points or (often branching) streaks or flecks, breaking through the cortex, used for air exchange.
pseudoparenchyma = paraplectenchyma.
pseudopodetia: podetia-like shrubby to peg-like structures in the case of Stereocaulon.
pycnidium -ia: organ, in the asexual spore production (pycnospores), usually small point- like and sunken in the thallus, rarely projecting wart-form to cylindrical, in the interior with mostly spherical or pear-form lumen.
pycnospores (conidia): asexual reproductive parts produced in the pycnidia.
pyrenocarp (pyrenocarpous): lichens with perithecia as fruiting bodies.
marginal soralia = border soralia.
rhizine: hyphae producing grasping or bunches of grasping, simple or branched (structures), usually used in attaching the lichen thallus.
rind (cortex): the outer delimiting layer of thick backed fungus hyphae.
disk: upper surface of the hymenium in the case of apothecia.
scheitel (apex): the visible part of the perithecium.
schizidium: squamulose-like outermost layers of lichen thallus which peel off or loosen as diaspores.
slime envelop (gelatinous sheet, perispore): envelop of slime or gelatin-like substance around spores and asci.
secondary thallus (vertical thallus): in the case of species (e.g. Cladonia and Stereocaulon) with one thallus of two different parts which consist of the primary thallus and the #61617; vertical oriented part.
septum: dividing wall.
sceleroplectenchyma: plectenchyma of very thick-walled, cemented hyphae.
soralium -ia: delimited dusty-granular structure (thallus eruption), that develops soredia.
soredia: small, #61617; spherical granules used in vegetative reproduction (diaspores), which consist of a clump of algae surrounded by a web of hyphae.
sorediate: with soredia.
fissure soralia: soralia consisting of a streak or fissure-form crack in the thallus upper surface.
sporodochia: pillow form, apothecia-like structure that produces pycnospores.
peg-form: narrow cylindrical.
habitat: the ecological condition of a growth type (e.g. sunny boulder, deep cracked bark, cold collecting basin); not to be confused with “fundort = locality where found”.
stenök: with narrowly delimited habitat region.
strahlig: radially ordered.
fruticose lichen: bushy branched to simple peg-form, erect growing or bushy or beard-form pendent, usually only attached to the substrate in a few places.
stylospores: asexual spore-like reproductive parts, which are produced in pycnidia-like organs.
subhymenium: structurally diverging from the hypothecium layer immediately below the hymenium, only rarely clearly developed.
synanthrop: plants, whose occurrence have been widened through the activities of man (e.g. limestone dwelling species on walls).
syndrom = chemosyndrom.
thallinocarp: gall-like thallus swelling, in which asci develop.
thermophytic: warmth loving.
tholus (apical dome): the thickened inner part of the ascus-wall at the ascus tip; loosely: clearly developing at the tip of an ascus.
torus: ring structure around the separate lamellae in the septum of Rinodina-spores, in optical section recognized as a dark point on both sides of the septum near the outer wall.
tuberculate: projecting warty.
unlayered (homoiomerous): algae not limited to a certain layer or concentrated.
unitunicate: ascus with a wall which does not split when into two layers when the spores are ripe (see bitunicate).
cemented: in the case of hyphae: hyphae or paraphyses closely backed to one another, difficult to loosen from one another.
vertical thallus = secondary thallus.
prothallus: algae-free border about the margin of the thallus or the thallus areoles, often colored blackish.
warty: thallus with wart-like swellings (larger than “granules”); warty areolate; areoles convex.
water capacity: water storing capability.
cilia: hair- or bristle-like accessory organs at the margin of thallus lobes, rarely on the margin of apothecia.
central strand: in the case of Usnea: elastic, tough central hyphal strand in the filamentous thallus segment.
dissolving (gelatinizing and disappearing): in the case of paraphyses: strongly slimy, so that in the ripe hymenium the paraphyses are scarcely or no longer visible, above all in the pyrenocarpic lichens.
cilia = bristles.
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nimispl
Utente Senior
Città: Trieste
Prov.: Trieste
Regione: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 13:02:57
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grazie Sonia, se li mettete assieme ci dovrebbe essere un'ottima base di lavoro...
ciao a tutti
PL |
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FOX
Moderatore
Città: BAGNO A RIPOLI
Regione: Toscana
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 16:43:01
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Grazie Sonia...
Oddio, è un grosso lavoro, con calma e pazienza si può fare....
spero che tutti questi glosari non sono sotto copyright
simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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Sonia
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Città: Roma
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 19:15:11
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| Ho anche quello di Poelt tradotto in inglese ma devo ripulirlo da refusi, etc. poi mi sembra di non avere altro... :) |
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nimispl
Utente Senior
Città: Trieste
Prov.: Trieste
Regione: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2313 Messaggi
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 20:21:51
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[quote]Messaggio originario di FOX:
Oddio, è un grosso lavoro, con calma e pazienza si può fare....
spero che tutti questi glossari non sono sotto copyright
Cara FOX, non preoccuparti: no Copyright, forse IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights), una delle cose più trascurate dal FNM.
ciao
PL
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Modificato da - nimispl in data 07 gennaio 2011 20:54:53 |
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nimispl
Utente Senior
Città: Trieste
Prov.: Trieste
Regione: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
2313 Messaggi
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Inserito il - 07 gennaio 2011 : 20:28:21
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| Messaggio originario di Sonia:
Ho anche quello di Poelt tradotto in inglese ma devo ripulirlo da refusi
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Grazie Sonia!
Mettete assieme tutti i Glossari - magari aggiungetene altri - create una buona base e lavorateci su.
ciao
PL |
Modificato da - nimispl in data 07 gennaio 2011 21:01:13 |
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Poli
Moderatore
Città: Genova
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Inserito il - 08 gennaio 2011 : 12:26:41
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Siamo sicuri che il Wirth nonabbia copyright?
Comunque iniziamo facciamo così: vediamo se a qualcuno viene in mente ancora qualche glossario (io guardo spesso quello della British flora, ma secondo me è coperto da copyright...), poi chiudiamo, fondiamo assieme e iniziamo una traduzione ed editing. Che ne dite?
Ciao ciao, Poli
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
La Società Lichenologica Italiana (SLI) è una società scientifica dedicata alla diffusione e al progresso degli studi lichenologici in Italia.
Veniteci a trovare!
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Sonia
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Inserito il - 08 gennaio 2011 : 19:16:58
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Il Wirth tradotto me l'ha inviato dall'America un po' di anni fa un appassionato di Phlyctis che lavorava in un ufficio per la biodiversità di non mi ricordo più quale stato. Era venuto a trovarmi all'Orto su indicazione di Caniglia e per ringraziarmi mi inviò i floppy che girano ancora tra i lichenologi italiani. Non mi ricordo bene de allora chiesi a lui o ai traduttori stessi come andava citato, e la risposta fu, appunto, di citare Wirth etc. etc. tradotto da etc. etc.
Poelt credo che mi sia arrivato da Trieste ma la storia è la stessa, citando la fonte non c'è problema, immagino.
Allego Poelt di seuito,
S.
| Messaggio originario di Poli:
Siamo sicuri che il Wirth nonabbia copyright?
Comunque iniziamo facciamo così: vediamo se a qualcuno viene in mente ancora qualche glossario (io guardo spesso quello della British flora, ma secondo me è coperto da copyright...), poi chiudiamo, fondiamo assieme e iniziamo una traduzione ed editing. Che ne dite?
Ciao ciao, Poli
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
La Società Lichenologica Italiana (SLI) è una società scientifica dedicata alla diffusione e al progresso degli studi lichenologici in Italia.
Veniteci a trovare!
Link
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Sonia
Utente Senior
Città: Roma
523 Messaggi
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Inserito il - 08 gennaio 2011 : 19:19:23
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Ce l'ho così come lo inserisco, ho preferito non tagliare nulla, se non i riferimenti alle figure del testo.
DETERMINATION KEY FOR EUROPEAN LICHENS
By
J. POELT
TRANSLATED
FROM THE GERMAN
BY DOYLE E. ANDEREGG
GLOSSARY
ACIDIPHIL, also acidophil -- in the case of given habitats: acid substrate loving.
Acidophyte -- in the case of given habitats: growing on acid substrates; frequently, but not always equivalent to acidiphil.
Acrotonic -- in the case of branching: ramification toward the point of the axis, also; axis above all strongly branched toward the tip.
Actinogyric -- in the case of apothecial disks: disk subdivided in numerous, often radially ordered gyri or groups of gyri not enclosed in a common margin.
Adsperse -- in the case of hyphae, especially paraphyses: provided on the upper surface with small granules or droplets. See also insperse.
Adventitious lobules -- in the case of foliose and lobed lichens: late developing thallus lobes, usually attached by constricted bases, small lobate and usually variable in form and size. Sometimes simply called a lobule.
Alp mountains: mountains, which were folded in connection with the Alps, therefore Alps, Pyreenes, Carpathians, Appennines, etc.
Alpine -- with regard to the distribution: in the alpine zone, i. e. occurrence beyond the tree line in the mountains.
Amphibole -- in the case of habitats: growing as well on drier substrates as in water, generally on occasionally flooded rock on coasts, lakes and streams.
Amphithecium -- in the case of the apothecium: usually radially ordered hyphae emanating from the whole structure
Amyloid -- in the case of hyphae walls and derived reticula: that are colored blue to violet with I. The idea comes from the deposition of iodine in a starch-like polysaccharide.
Anastomoses -- in the case of hyphae, particularly also paraphyses and paraphysoids : secondary binding of hyphae through punctiform solution and fusion of walls and of the protoplasm. In the case of many lichens very frequently the phenomenon contributes essentially to the strength of the reticulum
Anastomosing -- anastomoses production.
Angiocarp -- in the case of apothecia: hymenium lying below a protective layer, first becoming free when ripe; e.g. in the case of Peltigera, where the original protective layer, even shrunken, usually is recognized as the margin of the ripe apothecium. Contrast with gymnocarp.
Anisotomic -- in the case of branching: branching promoted in a way (that there is) a usually longer and thicker main axis and one -- or in the case of tricho- or tetrachotomy -- two or three shorter and often also thinner secondary axes. -- e.g. The stem is provided through anisotomic branching in many species of Cladonia sect. Cladina.
Apical: standing at the tip.
Apical apparatus -- in the case of asci: in the apical part of the ascus, the ascus opening are situated various kinds of, frequently partially amyloid structures, which have an effect on the spore passage and their types are systematically significant.
Apothecium: Fruiting bodies of lichenized or non lichenized ascomycetes, usually a disk-form hymenium opening at least when ripe and generally – on inspection -- the upper part of the envelope is surrounded by a ± thick margin. (Many authors would also label perithecia as apothecia). In a narrow sense only the fruiting bodies of ascohymenial fungi are so named. In this work similar appearing ascocarps of ascolocular lichens are also, so designated.
Apothecia may be sunken, widely to constricted sessile to appearing stalked; in the case of many genera multiple apothecia coalesce into a composite fruiting body, or the at first undivided apothecium, becomes divided by means of sterile wall-building. On inspection the apothecium which is usually round, appears, in the case of the so-called lirella as an elongated disk and the margin surrounding the disk. In section generally the following structures are ± clearly distinguishable: The hymenium consisting of asci and usually also paraphyses lies upon the sub hymenium, its cambium. This in turn is usually supported by the often very thick, usually unclearly defined hypothecium. Extending along the flanks of the hymenium extending out from the hypothecium, a narrow layer of parallel-oriented hyphae, the parathecium, that in the case of most genera is next to the outer thick packed, radially ordered, rarely disordered hyphae, these are in totality labeled as amphithecium. These may be homogeneous, not differentiated into denser cortex and looser medulla, it is then known as lecideine. In the case of many genera it becomes hard through chemical infiltration in addition to undefined black and coal-like substances. Frequently these "carbonized" apothecia are designated as lecideine, in contrast, the light colored non-carbonized ones, as biatorine. In other cases the amphithecium is differentiated into a usually looser medulla and a denser cortex; it includes then frequently in the looser layer- known as pith or medulla --algae (lecanorine apothecia), it may be however even algae-free (mycolecanorine apothecium). The plexus, the hymenium and the supporting and enveloping sub hymenium, in their totality are labeled as the envelope. Frequently instead, the expression excipulum will be applied according to the make-up of the apothecium, excipula are known as thalloid exciples when algae are present, or in the absence of algae, as a proper excipulum. It is not possible to be more precise here by sketching the basic types as a series of differences.
Appressorium: the haustoria-like absorbing-hyphae, which only lie on the algae-wall, not penetrating into them.
Arctic -- with regard to distribution: occurring north of the polar tree-line.
Arctic-alpine: distributed north of the polar and above the alpine tree-line.
Areoles -- in the case of crustose-lichens above all: the angular to rounded thallus division, which arises either through subdivision of an at first homogeneous thallus by furrows and splits or also built up by the crowded growth of separate close-lying initials. Frequently areoles have a cortex on the upper surface and sides.
Areolate: made up of areoles
Ascending -- of lobes or thallus segments: inclined toward growing upwards, or on the horizontal basis turning above itself.
Ascocarp: a general designation for the fruiting body of ascomycetes (and ascolichens).
Ascohymenial -- a developmental type of ascocarps: the hymenium is in a predetermined place, not on, or in, a matrix consisting of vegetative hyphae; paraphyses stand between the asci, developing with them at the same time from the sub hymenium. The hymenium is surrounded by an envelope.
Ascolichen, also ascolichene: ascus lichen, a lichen whose fungus partner systematically belongs to the ascomycetes.
Ascolocular -- a developmental type of ascocarps: the hymenium is secondary, lying in a vegetatively originated stroma, the locule occurs by resorption or rearranging of hyphae. Between the asci residual hyphae make up the so-called paraphysoids or interthecial filaments. The ascolocular hymenia are accordingly not surrounded by an envelope, but a stroma. -- In this work obscure terms are not used.
Ascoma = ascostroma.
Ascospore: spores which develop in the ascus, very variable in form, size, divisions and coloring, in principle arising directly or indirectly from a maturation division.
Ascostroma: stroma, in which asci are produced, also fruiting body of the ascolocular ascomycetes; in other instances also used for the stroma in which apothecia or perithecia develop.
Ascus, also asken: the ascus, the characteristic organ of the ascomycetes (and ascolichens), a spherical to usually club-like to cylindrical cell, within which by nuclear division and maturation division the ascospores are produced, usually 8, frequently less or more.
Ascus tip: the opening of the ascus, together with the frequently occurring apical apparatus.
Atempore: pore in the cortex (for exchange of gases); in the case of Parmelia aspera e.g. produced on the points of short conical warts. Rare organ.
Atlantic -- with regard to distribution: growing in regions of atlantic climate -- or flourishing in western to northwestern Europe. Not to be confused with the concept oceanic.
Attachment disk -- of beard lichens: wide, disk-shape, often blackened attachment point the latter especially on pulling stressed thalli.
Autotroph -- with regard to the life style: autotrophs are organisms that make their own carbohydrate and energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Contrast with: heterotroph, in the case of lichens existing in the form of parasitic species.
Basidiolichen, also as basidiolichene: lichens where the fungus partner belongs to the basidiomycetes; in Europe and also all together there are only a few genera.
Basidium pl. ia: the characteristic organ of the basidiomycetes, a spherical to club-like to cylindrical, in the case of many fungus groups secondarily septate cell, spores are produced by nuclear division and reduction division on the end of processes, the so called sterigmata, generally 4 or 2, rarely 8. In the case of lichens occurring only in a few basidio-lichens.
Basiphil -- in the case of habitats: basic generally lime-containing substrate loving.
Basiphytic -- in the case of habitats: growing on basic, generally lime-containing substrates ; in the case of lichens completely synonymous with basiphil.
Basitonic -- in the case of branching: forked at the base, branching especially at the base of the developmental axis or extensively over long there.
Beard-lichens: pendant or upright, very richly branched in thready, generally radial segments, in effect beard-like lichens. Almost without exception epiphytic in humid regions.
Biatorine -- see apothecium: with algae-free not carbonized envelope.
Bifacial -- in the case of foliose thalli: with two unlike sides, i.e. usually upper- and lower sides varying in form and/or color; usually also with corresponding anatomical different structure. Probably better described as dorsiventral.
Bird boulder: boulders upon which birds sit; usually strongly manured. Habitat of ornitho-coprophilic lichens.
Bitunicate with the ascus: the -- at least 2-, often many layered -- ascus wall becomes when ripe 2 layered. The outer one remains thin and will be broken or pierced by the inner, the inner gushes rapidly out, propelling itself thereby generally outward from the hymenial layer and expelling the spores. Occurring in classical form in only a few groups of the ascolichens (Arthoniaceae, Opegraphaceae, Lecanactidaceae, Roccellaceae). It is very atypical of the Lecanorales .
Boreal -- of distribution: residing in boreal regions, i.e. distributed in the northern conifer belt.
Boreal-montane: distributed in the boreal conifer belt and in the corresponding conifer region of the mountains in Central and part of Southern Europe.
Bullate -- of areoles: very high convex, humpbacked, often constricted at the base.
CALCICOL -- of habitats: growing on lime-containing substrates.
Calciphil -- lime loving.
Claciphyte -- growing on calcium-rich substrate: the expression was developed as a cautious term for the higher plants, where it has been seen that the occurrence upon calcium-rich substrate does not signify absolute preference for limestone.
Capitate soralia ('kopfsoral') -- in the case of foliose and fruticose lichens: spherical to knob-like soralia on the end of a lobe, usually on the upper side, but spreading over the tip.
Carbonaceous ('kolig')-- in the case of tissues: blackened and hardened coal-like by an as yet unclear chemical transformation. Frequently in the case of lecideine apothecia and involucres.
Cavernula, pl lae: deep depressions, in contrast to cyphellae the cortex remains intact, like hollowed out holes on the thallus underside; known only in Cavernularia.
Cemented -- in the case of hyphae or tissues: bound to one another by disolution of the outer wall layers. In cemented tissues the outer boundaries of the hyphal walls are no longer recognizable.
Central strand -- in the case of Usnea: densely packed central hyphal strand.
Centrifugal -- in the case of thalli: growing toward the outer margin, dying at the same time in the center, such that the dead zone moves outward parallel to the growing margin.
Cephalodium pl. dia: a special organ which contains blue-green algae and often serves in nitrogen assimilation, occurring only in lichens which contain green algae as normal symbionts. They arise only from fixed non-nitrophilous genera or species groups (Peltigera, Solorina, Stereocaulon, Lecidea, et. al.). The cephalodia, which are developed in the inside of the thallus in clearly bordered regions (Nephroma arcticum) or as wide-spread blue-green algae layer below the green
algae layer (Solorina crocea), are designated as internal cephalodia. If they occur on the upper side, rarely on the underside, as wart-like to flat to dwarf fruticose organs, they are known as external cephalodia (fig. 31, 32). Especially strongly differentiated are the forms in the case of Stereocaulon, where t h e r e a r e m a n y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s .
C h a g r i n Q s - o f f o l i o s e t h a l l i , u s e d a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e c a s e o f U m b i l i c a r i a : s u r f a c e o f t h e u p p e r o r l o w e r s i d e t o a c e r t a i n d e g r e e , f i n e w a r t y a r e o l a t e , t h e w a r t s c o n s i s t i n g e s p e c i a l l y o f a n o u t e r d e a d l a y e r . C h a l kophil - of habitats: ore-containing substrate loving; related to the use of lichens, which occur on substrates with above average content of heavy metals
Chambered -- of hymenia and pycnidia: subdivided into chambers by insertion of walls of sterile tissue.
Chondroid - for tissues, where the hyphae walls are especially strongly swollen and cemented, so that hard cartilagenous structures result. In chondroid tissues the lumina of the hyphae are generally only recognizable as streak-like canals, the walls seem to be melded into a homogeneous mass.
Cilium pl ia, : an appendage of the thallus, structures arising almost exclusively on the margins, generally simple or branched filaments, which also are designated as fibrils or, if they are in the form and color similar to rhizines, as marginal rhizines, although they do not serve as anchors.
Clamp connection -- in the case of basidiomycetes: clamp-form structures at the cross-walls of the secondary mycelium.
COLLAR SORALIUM: a ring-form soralium produced around a raised from the thallus (structure) with a hole bored through the middle, thus almost only in the case of Menegazzia.
Columella -- in perithecia: a knob-like-cylindric vault in the hypothecium and sub hymenium, upon which the asci occur ± radially.
Conidangium pl ia = pycnidium.
Conidium pl ia: in lichens almost only applicable for the pycnoconidia = pycnospores.
Cortex (RINDE) -- in the case of crustose to fruticose lichens: a thallus layer on the upper (side) and in many cases also on the lower (side), which in compactness and frequently also in color is usually clearly set off from the layers (between). They arise either by death and dissolution of the normal thallus on the outer margins, as well as dead hyphae the cortex may include also dead algal cell walls -- as in many crustose lichens --, or it may be constructed through the activity of a narrow zone of plasma-rich hyphal cells lying over the algae layer. These cells generally yield a densely arranged row of hyphae toward the outside, which resembles a palisade plectenchyma in many cases. In these cases no dead algal cell walls occur in the (true) cortex; such is the case in foliose and fruticose lichens as well as in the more highly developed crustose lichens.
Corticolous ('on the bark') = epiphloic. In contrast to 'under the bark' = endophloic.
Cross septate -- in the case of ascospores: only divided across the long axis. This expression is synonymous with and preferable to 'parallel-many-celled'.
Crustose lichens: lichens with a crust-like thallus, fastened to the substrate by the entire underside or ± sunken into it.
Cuculate ('rolled')-- in the case of squamulose and fruticose lichens. Folded lengthwise to the middle, the margins fused.
Cyphellia pl ae : sharply bordered, dug-out hollows on the underside of the thallus with very much loosened cortex. An organ serving for gas exchange, which by this narrow definition occurs only in the case of Sticta.
Deliquescing -- in the case of paraphyses: ± completely dissolving, so that in ripe fruiting bodies, no clearly coherent hyphae will be recognizable, only a mass of gelatin; especially in the case of Verrucariaceae.
DENDRITIC -- in the case of prothalli, rarely occurring in the case of thalli, a growth form generally observed only on very hard upper surfaces of rocks particularly quartz: the (pro) thallus produces a noncoherent front, but is constricted ± star-like, often shrubby branches, distributed in the tree-like structures seen (especially in Lecidea, Rhizocarpon, Buellia).
Diaspore: each of the parts of a lichen serving for propagation (ascospore, soredium, isidium, thallus fragment). Ecologically defined unit equivalent with a propagation unit.
Dichotomous: -- in branching: forked, divided into 2 axes.
Discocarp -- in ascocarps: disk fruiting body, i. e. ripening with open ± wide disk.
Disk -- in ascocarps: the disk, which is usually rounded, elongating in many groups, especially when older often distorting the upper surface of the hymenium. When it is young usually flat to concave to deeply urn-shaped, in old age many times convex to high convex and even spherical. It is usually smooth, sometimes however when older it is unevenly and irregularly eroded. In some genera the disks ± regularly differentiate in a special way. E. g. many Lecidea species always produce an axis of sterile tissue in the center, which arches upward buckling the upper surface, so that the disk is buckled = appears umbonate. In the case of Umbilicaria the same type is known as omphalodisc. Here the umbo often is also surrounded by concentric furrows and folds. In many species, so-called gyri are produced, which often consist of many densely packed disks. One speaks of actinogyri, when gyri proliferate so strongly, that even the common envelope disappears; here the groups of gyri are usually stellate on the outside. In the case of Umbilicaria, not so differentiating, the flat disks are called leiodisc.
Disk = discus.
Dividing wall = septum
Dorsiventral -- of thalli: with clearly differing upper and lower sides.
EFFIGURATE -- of crustose lichens: with elongating or at least definitely enlarging marginal lobes, which thereby in form and size are significantly differing from the central lobes or areoles.
End cells ("Grinzzelle") -- of blue-green algae: cells of unknown biological significance, colorless to yellowish, in many genera only an the basis of position with bound to neighboring cells by plasmodesmata.
End surface -- in the case of habitat details: upper steep surface on bounders.
Endoascus: the inner wall layer of the ascus, which dissolves from the outer in the case of bitunicate types.
Endolithic -- of crustose thalli: thallus in the uppermost rock layer, i. e. growing between the rock particles.
Endophloic -- of crustose thalli: thallus within the cortex of host plants, i.e. usually growing between the cork layers. As opposed to epiphloic.
Envelops "Gehäuse" -- of ascocarps: a clearly differentiating sterile (structure) enveloping the hymenium similar to the thallus or mycelium from which it originated and differentiated. Also some times translated as "receptacle".
Epibryic -- of habitats: growing upon mosses (and plant debris). Equivalent to musicolous.
"epigäisch" - of habitats: growing on soil, frequently even in the uppermost soil layer, that in these cases has not differentiated.
Epihymenium -- in the case of hymenium: the uppermost layer of the hymenium, clearly set off through coloring or colored and compacted granular layer; often incorrectly designated as epithecium.
Epilithic -- of habitats: growing upon the outer surface of rock.
Epinecral layer -- of thalli: the outermost, usually hyaline, swollen layer of the thallus, consisting of dead hyphal walls and partially also of crushed algae cell walls. Above all in the case of lichens of conspicuous dry appearance.
Epipetric -- of habitats: equivalent to epilithic, or too only: rock-dwelling.
Epiphloic -- of habitats: growing on the outer surface of the cortex of host plants.
Epiphyll -- of habitats: growing on the upper side of (evergreen) leaves, in contrast to hypophyll. Used for a long time synomously with folicolous.
Epiphytic -- of habitats: growing on plants, a universal concept.
"epipsamma" -- of hymenia: totality of the granular deposit, which lies on the hymenium and frequently may even penetrates the upper part of the hymenium.
Epispore of spores: the outermost layer of the spore wall, which is usually not of the spore itself, but is made of surrounding protoplasm. Seldom clearly recognized in lichen spores.
Epithecium -- of hymenia: a special tissue constructed over the hymenium through branching and intertwining of paraphyses. Not frequent in the case of lichens. The expression was often incorrectly used for epihymenium.
Epixylic -- of habitats: growing on wood; used generally as to only contrast with endoxylic.
Euthyplectenchymous: tissue of closely packed, long-celled, uncemented, therefore definite celled hyphae. In practice used only for the envelope structures of Collema.
Excipulum -- of ascocarps: extremely variously defined concept; somewhat in accordance with "envelop" used here, though often understood as without the hypothecium.
Exobasidial -- see pycnidium.
Exospore -- of spores: is to the outer wall layers, as the inner wall layer is to the endospore. Sometimes in addition the endospore is separated from the overlying epispore by a mesospore.
Fibril: the expression will be used e.g. for the short branches of Usnea, which usually are numerous, stand perpendicular to the main axis and are equally long. Frequently the term will also be used synomously with cilia.
FILAMENTOUS LICHENS: lichens with a finely filamentous thallus; the filaments consisting of a central algae filament, surrounded by a loose or dense hyphal envelope.
Fissitunicate = bitunicate.
Fissure soralia: soralium consisting of an elongated, often also branched fissure; as in the case of Parmelia sulcata and less clearly, in the case of Alectoria species.
Fleck soralia: fleck-form, rounded or elliptical soralia; the most widespread type of soralium.
Folicolous -- of habitats: leaf dwelling.
Frassform: of numerous abundant lichens: a manifestation of distortion by animal feeding, always different according to the animal species. Uncommonly distributed, the significance in altering the phenotype is considerable undervalued.
Foliose lichen : lichen with a blade-like usually lobed thallus, with the under thallus usually clearly separated and provided with rhizines.
Fruit warts -- of crustose lichens : ± clearly separated, often somewhat projecting thallus parts, consisting of 1 to many apothecia or perithecia Ï crowded, in extreme cases resembles an apothecium. Frequent, above all, in the case of Pertusaria.
Fruiting body : general designation used for the body producing the diaspores, without concern for systematic membership or content. In ascomycetes, this is understood to be apothecia, perithecia and pseudothecia.
Fruticose lichens: shrub-form branching lichens; in the broad sense the concept also includes the beard-lichens, in the narrower sense it is limited to negatively geotropic forms.
Fulcrum, pl. -cra: see pycnidium.
GELATINOUS LICHEN: lichens, which on being wetted become gelatin-like, on drying again they shrink to a thinner membrane. Exclusively in the case of blue-green-algae lichens.
Geotropic -- with regard to direction of growth: determined by the force of gravity, either positively geotropic, growing in the direction of the force of gravity, or negatively geotropic in which (growing) against the direction, or transversely geotropic, stretching out perpendicular to the force of gravity.
Glass hair: very bush-like hair of usually many compound pellucid hyphae. E.g. in many species of Physcia and Physconia
Gonidia lichen algae. -- The term developed from a false conception, is already a misleading word and ought to be given up. The expression phycobiont is used for it.
Goniocyst: thallus unit consisting of a group of algae and a ± enclosing hyphal envelope. E.g. the thallus of the here not treated Spheconisca and Mariola species consist of goniocysts.
Gymnocarp -- of apothecia: hymenium free from the beginning, not produced under a protective layer. Contrast: angiocarp.
Gyri -- almost only in the case of Umbilicaria: resulting by chambering of the hymenium, lirella-like, often in groups of crowded folds, which consist of a narrow hymenium and sterile margins. By way of suggestion by chance occurring in Lecidea, Sarcogyn, and other genera.
Gyrodisc -- of the hymenia of Umbilicaria: with regularly to irregularly arranged groups of gyri surrounded by a common margin.
Habitat (fundort): the topographically determined point of occurrence of a taxon, not to be confused with: habitat (standort).
Habitat ('standort'): the ecologically determined growth place of a plant (E.g. cliff faces, high bog, conifer twig). Not to be confused with the topographically defined habitat ('fundort')
Hair: hairs are comparatively rare in lichens. They consist of one to many-celled hyphal ends or of groups of cohering hyphae. They are generally colorless and moderately bushy. Occurring per chance in Collema, Parmelia, Physconia, Tornabenia, Teloschistes.
Halo: -- of spores: envelope about the spores of gelatinous, colorless substance. Generally clearly seen only in certain developmental stages; frequently e. g. in Rhizocarpon.
Haptere, of fruticose lichens, above all Cladonia species: thin filamentous, holdfast organ first produced on contact, by which for example one plant is bound with another.
Haustorium pl. ia: hypha or hyphal parts, the branch for the absorption of food which penetrates into the lumen of the host plant, whereby it either comes into direct contact with (host) protoplasm (haustorium in the strict sense) or they are separated by a membrane (impressorium). The haustorium may be pointed, rounded-swollen to elongated and branched. Above all in primitive lichens in contact of hyphae and algae.
Helmet soralia = vaulted soralia.
Heterocyst = end cell
Heteromerous -- with regard to the anatomy of the thallus: algae seen in section, concentrated in definite layers, not distributed throughout the whole thallus. Frequently even used for layered thallus in general.
Holdfasts -- of foliose and fruticose lichens: short non filamentous extended attachment organs.
Homeomerous -- with regard to the anatomy of thalli - algae seen in section, distributed throughout the thallus, not concentrated in one layer. In the strong sense it may (refer) to a lichen.
Hormocyst, in the case of filamentous blue-green algae: a usually denser and reserve-rich filament division of the vegetative-cell filament, the so called hormogonium, which are imbedded in particularly thick, often layered envelopes. In one species of Lempholemma the hormocysts are permeated by hyphae, also lichenized; they function as vegetative diaspores of the lichen and are produced in hormocystangia.
Hormocystangium, pl. ia -- in the case of Lempholemma: a ± capitate organ, in which lichenized hormocysts occur.
Humicolous -- of habitat (sites): humus dweller.
Hydrophil -- of habitat (sites): water loving, growing in water or on flooded substrates.
Hygrophil - of habitat (sites): growing in moist surroundings.
Hymenial algae: spherical to peg-form algae occurring in the hymenium, among asci and paraphyses usually in large masses, but they are strongly modified in form from the normal thallus algae and with the spores generally expelled. Such in the case of Staurothele, Endocarpon, and Thelenidia.
Hymenial gelatin: gelatinous masses which fill the spaces between and around paraphyses and asci. Either produced by the ascus walls or the paraphyses or from both components.
Hymenium, pl. ia: consisting of asci or basidia and frequently also sterile hyphae lying between them (paraphyses, cystidia), usually the principal part of the fruit layer of higher fungi. The upper part, usually differing in color, often is called the epihymenium, erroneously substituted for epithecium.
Hypha pl. ae: the single filament as the basic organ of fungi, from which the composite tissues are constructed.
Hypothallus: in the strict sense the spongy dark tissue on the underside of the thalli of various Pannariaceae, in the broader sense used also for the prothallus.
Hypothecium: a tissue ± clearly separated from the surrounding tissue, rests on the sub hymenium and it in turn supports the hymenium, usually very dense hypha-like and frequently spherical to elongated underneath.
Impressorium pl. ia: sucking hyphae, which break through the wall of the host cells, but do not penetrate into the protoplasm.
Inspersed -- in the case of tissue, especially of the hymenium: containing numerous drops of an oily substance or small granules, which usually adhere to the adspersed hyphae.
Intricate -- in the case of tissue: entangled.
Involucre, in the case of perithecia: a carbonaceous protective layer or envelope around a perithecium made up of thallus, either entire and appearing losed, or not built-up underneath and then in section consisting of two symmetrical halves -- bisected -- or reduced to a shield surrounding the ostiole.
Isidiate: provided with isidia.
Isidium, pl. ia,: clearly with a definite cortex, usually for the most part consisting of outgrowths of the thallus, which break off when ripe serving for vegetative reproduction. Isidia are extremely varying in form: spherical, club-like, elliptical, finger-shaped, filamentous, coralloid branching.
Isolateral -- in the case of foliose and fruticose lichens: all sides equal in section, not differentiated into upper and lower sides.
Isotonic -- in the case of dichotomous to tetrachotomous branching: all branches of a branching system equally developed (strength and length). In contrast to anisotonic.
Lamina pl. ae: in the case of higher plants the leaf blade, used accordingly in the case of foliose lichens. Used in the case of apothecia also for designating the hymenium + sub hymenium.
Laminal: standing on the blade. -- Because of the double meaning of lamina in lichenology the expression ought to be avoided in favor of the -- not entirely corresponding -- concept superficial.
Lecanorine -- in the case of apothecia: with an algae containing envelope, that is usually clearly differing in form and color from the disk.
Lecideine-- in the case of apothecia: with algae-free envelope, in the strict sense with algae-free, carbonaceous envelope.
Leiodisc -- in the case of apothecia: with smooth disks. Used as contrasting to omphalodisc, gyrodisc and actinogyric in the case of Umbilicaria.
Leprose -- in the case of thalli: upper surface fine granular to cob-webby disintegrated.
Leptoderm -- in the case of hyphae: thin-walled, i.e. wall not swollen.
Lichenized -- in the case of fungi: in symbiosis Lip soralia: soralia produced as the end of thallus lobes, that produces a bending up of the ends or at least the splitting off of the upper thallus layer. Such is the case in Physcia and Heterodermia.
Lirella: the ± long streaked, often crooked and branched apothecium in the case of the Graphidiaceae.
Lobate: provided with lobes.
Lobulus, pl. li: small lobes, usually secondarily produced on the margin, rarely on the upper surface of lobes or on the apothecial margins; not rigorously separated from adventitious lobules.
Lobe -- in the case of crustose to fruticose lichens: lobes are generally produced on the margins, sometimes also in the interior of the thallus.
Locule -- in the case of pseudothecia: places, in which the hymenium was produced according to usage in stromatic lichens; also used for the incompletely separated lumina in spores of Teloschistaceae and Physciaceae.
Longitudinal septum ('längsseptum') -- in the case of spores: a longitudinal dividing wall, occurring only in the case of previously transversely septate spores.
Lumen -- in the case of cells: the space surrounded by the cell wall; in the case of hyphae according to the form often finely filamentous.
MARGIN ('rand') -- in the case of apothecia: recognized in top-view as margin of the disk, from which it is ± clearly set off. See also proper margin and thalloid margin.
Marginal - in the case of thalli: peripheral.
Marginal soralia: linear strip of soralia on the edge of a lobe, which surrounds the edge.
Maedium pl. ia -- in the case of the coniocarpic lichens: a powdery mass on the upper surface of the fruit body consisting of the remains of asci and paraphyses (capitulum) of older ascus generations.
Mediterranean -- in the case of distribution data: growing in the region of the Mediterranean Sea and the Mediterranean climate.
Medulla ('mark') -- in the case of lichens: not a consistently used concept, used one time for the algae-free zone between algae layer and lower cortex or substrate, used another time for all tissues between the upper and lower cortex, besides being used for the looser, frequently secretion-filled inner layer of the amphithecium.
Modification an example of phenotype changed through the influence of the environment.
Multinucleate = polyenergid.
Muriform -- in the case of spores: subdivided and therefore many-celled by cross walls and longitudinal walls, which usually ± stand perpendicular to one another, whereby the multiple cells are arranged like a brick wall.
Muscicolous -- in the case of habitat data: growing on mosses, preferably on dead or dying mosses, often also synonymous with growing on mosses and dead plant remains.
Mycelium pl. ia: totality of the hyphae of an individual fungus.
Mycobiont: the fungus partner of a lichen, they are in common with the phycobiont.
Necral layer: a layer of dead, dissolved hyphal tissue and often also ± crushed dead algae cell walls; principally known in the form of an epinecral layer.
Net-like branching -- in the case of hyphae, especially paraphyses and paraphysoids: bound into a three dimensional net by branching and anastomosing with one another; in the case of lichens more frequent than hitherto assumed. Many plectenchymes receive their stability not from interweaving of hyphae, but from numerous anastomoses.
Nitrophil -- with regard to habitat conditions: nitrate-rich habitat loving; see also ornithocoprophil.
Nonfissitunicate -- in the case of asci: newer expression for unitunicate, more literal, since even unitunicate asci have at least 2 wall layers, which when ripe to be sure do not loosen from one another.
NUCLEUS -- in the case of perithecia: the light, often light rose colored content of the perithecium inter half of the usually dark wall. The expression ought to be avoided, since nucleus generally is used for cell nucleus.
Nuclear algae = hymenial algae.
Oceanic -- in the case of habitat data: occurring on habitats or in the region with oceanic, humid and more or less balanced climate; the concept coincides partially with atlantic.
Omphalodisc -- in the case of apothecia: disk with a sterile hump in the center and eventually with concentric furrows or gyri. The expression is used only for the Umbilicaria, in the case of Lecidea, designated as umbonate.
Ornithocoprophil -- in the case of habitat data: loving habitats which are richly provided with bird feces; lichens growing preferably upon rocks upon which birds sit are designated as ornithocoprophilic.
Ostiolum, pl. la or ostiole – in the case of perithecia: the mouth region of perithecia and perithecium-like closed apothecia.
PACHYDERM in the case of hyphae: walls strongly swollen, thick. Pachyderm hyphae are favored in producing prosoplectenchymous or chondroid tissues.
Palisade-plectenchyma: plectenchyma of hyphae oriented perpendicular to the upper surface, palisade-like, frequent in the cortex of foliose and fruticose lichens.
Panniform -- in the case of squamulose lichens: with abundant imbricated, short lobules in the center of the thallus. Especially so in Parmelia. Panniform species tend to fruit sparsely.
Papilla: ± clearly set off, knobby elevations.
Parallel-many-celled: in the case of spores: subdivided by at least two cross-walls into three to many cells lying in series. Unfortunate expression which should be replaced by "cross-septate".
Paraphyses, -- in the case of hymenium: haploid "filling" hyphae standing between the asci (and) which were produced from hyphae of the sub hymenium and generally terminate in the space between ascus points or thereabouts with frequently knobby thickened cells. Paraphyses are almost always clearly or unclearly septate.
Paraphysoid, in the case of pseudothecia: the remnant of the stromatic tissue from the production of the asci; became adapted as paraphyses-like structures in the hymenium. Paraphysoids are only theoretically slightly deferring from paraphyses; in this work they are designated in the general descriptions as paraphyses.
Paraplectenchyma Tissue of short-celled densely packed, mostly leptoderm hyphae, which in section gives the impression of a tissue of ± isodiametric cells.
Parathecium -- in the case of apothecia: a layer of slender compacted hyphae arising from the hypothecium and running along the flanks of the hymenium. In rare cases, as in Phlyctis, the parathecium produces the only margin of the hymenium, usually an amphithecium develops from the parathecium.
Peltate (Plate 3, fig. 15) -- in the case of foliose lichens shield-form, i.e. fastened with an umbilicus.
Periphyses -- in the case of perithecium and perithecium-like closed apothecia: short, usually simple, often packed hyphae, disguising the opening.
Periphysoid -- in the case of apothecia: the periphyses-like hyphae in the mouth of many apothecia which remain closed for a long time.
Perithecium: spherical to pear-shaped fruiting body of lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes, consisting of asci and usually also paraphyses whose hymenium remains permanently enclosed. The perithecium opens only with one pore, which is provided with periphyses or it may be naked. The perithecial wall will frequently be designated as an excipulum in which case the basal part is interpolated as the hypothecium, and the side walls as a parathecium. In the case of the so-called bisected perithecium, the lower part of the wall is not clearly developed. The perithecium is then often hemispherical. Frequently the perithecium is enveloped entirely or partially by an involucre, which may ± fuse with the perithecium wall.
Petrophil -- in the case of habitat data: 'gesteinliebend' (rock-loving), occurring on rock.
Phenotype: the appearance of a plant, which always may be altered by the influence of the habitat or through the intervention of other factors, in contrast to the genetically fixed genotype, which may only be changed through mutation. See also regeneration form, shade form and frass form.
Phycobiont: the alga partner of a lichen, which together with the fungus partner produces the lichen.
Phyllocladium: in the case of flowering plants: leaf-like short sprouts, which serve as usually only short-lived leaves for assimilation. -- in the case of lichens, above all Stereocaulon
: the usually clearly set-off leaf-like organs of very variable form and arrangement on the stems, which contain the algae. They are in function also equivalent to leaves and are designated as corresponding to assimilators.
Plectenchyma: tissue made up of fungus hyphae, that is not composed of cells determined by two- or three dimensional divisions, but comes into existence through intertwining and binding of single hyphae; frequently by dissolution of cell walls secondarily bound together by cementing or through anastomoses. May appear in wholly different manifestations.
Plurilocular -- in the case of pseudothecia: containing many locules.
Podetium pl. ia: appearing negatively geotropic, simple to branched, solid or hollow, often arising from a crustose to squamulose primary thallus, bearing apothecia and pycnidia. The concept of podetium in recent time is confined to types, which are composed of fruiting body originated tissues. Similarly thallus originated structures are designated as pseudopodetia.
Point soralia: point-form soralia; only differing from fleck soralia by degree.
Polar-bilocular -- in the case of ascospores especially of the Teloschistaceae: cell lumen divided into two, seldom more, by a ± thick dividing wall, which may occupy over half of the spore length and running through it is a thin, at least at first, clearly perceptible canal.
Polar-two-celled = polar-bilocular.
Polyenergid -- in the case of spores: with many nuclei in the spore cell. Usually found only in the case of very large, one- to two- celled spores (Pertusaria, Varicellaria, Mycoblastus, and Bombyliospora).
Polymorphic : many forms, many shapes.
Polyphyllous -- in the case of foliose lichens: especially in the thallus interior divided into many small lobes instead of a few large (lobes).
Pore: the pore-like opening canal of perithecia and perithecium-like closed apothecia. The outward appearance together with the surrounding, often different colored region will be designated as the ostiole.
Primary thallus -- in the case of lichens with podetia and pseudopodetia: the first existing in the case of ontogenetic development, crustose squamulose, supporting ± appressed thallus, on which later the (pseudo-) podetium arises. The primary thallus may disappear later; it is perennial however in the case of many species.
Proper margin -- of apothecia: the lecideine (s. ampl.) envelopes, where the disk as well as the margin surrounding or covering it; is in color, and often also in form, usually little or not differing from the disk.
Prothallus, also protothallus: the algae-free thallus, which in the case of many crustose lichens goes before the algae-containing thallus and of these, most are of trifling thickness and varying, mostly blackish or blue-blackish, many even are very light variously colored. The prothallus is developed usually in the form of a coherent girdle, on very hard substrates it is frequently dendritic. Sometimes single areolae are bound together into a thallus by the prothallus.
Pruina = pruinous, bloom.
Pruinous : deposition on the upper surface of the thallus, or the envelope, or the disks, which appears in maturity and consists of either crystallized or amorphous particles or residue of hyphal remains.
Pseudocyphellae -- only in the case of lichens with a genuine cortex: point- to fleck to streak eruptions or loosening of the cortex, which probably serve the promotion of gas exchange. Frequently in the appearance of the pseudocyphellae, the light medulla is exposed. Common in the case of Parmelia, Cetraria, Cornicularia, Alectoria, Pseudocyphellaria, and Lecanora sect. Sphaerothallia.
Pseudo-bilocular -- in the case of ascospores: seeming two-celled, the deception is usually by 2 oil drops or even plasma structures, which divide by a protoplasm wall instead of a cell wall. Pseudo-bilocular spores often give rise to errors, which are avoided by good optics, if necessary staining with cotton blue.
Proliferating -- of thallus lobes: outgrowths, on the margins, rarer on the surface, of usually clearly set off lobules or adventitious lobes. It is obviously also true for podetia of Cladonia, which frequently proliferate from the margin-, more rarely from the center of the cup.
Pseudoparenchyma: equivalent to paraplectenchyma.
Pseudopodetium -- see podetium.
Pseudothecium -- in the case of ascolocular fungi and lichens: produced in a stroma, peri- or apothecium-like fruiting bodies; largely identical with ascostroma.
Pulvinate -- in the case of thalli: pillow-form, very thick in comparison to the width, often high-convex.
Pustule, not used uniformly. In the case of Umbilicaria swelling of the thallus, in this case the swelling on the upper side corresponds with an indentation on the lower side. In the case of Usnea and Alectoria: large, often irregular warts on the main axis.
Pycnidium, pl. ia: small, usually spherical to pear-shaped, rarely subdivided or with sack-form protrusions providing a container in which the pycnospores are developed. The pycnidia are usually sunken in the thallus and then they are recognized by their generally punctiform mouths. E.g. in the case of Cetraria they set upon short stalks. They consist of a wall, the perifulcrum, and variously arranged, frequently anastomosing hyphae, which construct the pycnospores, the so-called fulcra. When only the end cell of the fulcrum is capable of pinching off a pycnospore directly or on a long sterigma, the fulcrum is known as exobasidial, when all the cells in the layer (are capable) one speaks of it as endobasidial fulcra. Because of the various types of pycnidia, which usually can be recognized only with the best optics, refer to GLUCK, STEINER and the handbook.
Pycnoascocarp: of a pycnidia containing ascocarp, e.g. in the case of Lichinaceae.
Pycnoconidia = pycnospore.
Pycnospore: spores pinched off in a pycnidium. Pycnospores may be: spherical, elliptical, pencil-shaped to filamentous and then often twisted. They are usually about 0.7 - 1.5 µ thick, to about 30 µ long. They are generally produced in large masses and are easy to study in crushed preparations. They seem to have been originally at least in part male ex cells (spermatia), they however have partially lost these functions.
Pyrenocarpic: provided with perithecia as fruiting bodies.
Radiate -- in the case of apothecial envelopes: radiating arrangement which goes out from the parathecium, the amphithecium synthesized hyphae, which make an angle of 90 to about 120 degrees.
Regeneration form: a phenotype of the thallus, which by regeneration, i.e. recovery after animal feeding or other injury, may result in a strong variation from the normal phenotype.
Regeneration isidia: isidia, which result in the case of regeneration from wounding and cracking; such as in Peltigera.
Reticulum: looser to very compact, connecting aggregation of hyphae by interweaving anastomoses, equivalent to plectenchyme. It is treated almost as a tissue, which consists of a multidimensional distribution of cells or cell groups.
Rhizine -- in the case of foliose and fruticose lichens: anchoring organs of the thallus, very variable in form, size, and branching-type, of whitish to glossy black in color, they are generally produced on the underside of the thallus, rarely on the margin, and frequently used for attachment, many times however they have no recognizable function (e.g. in the case of Umbilicaria and Dermatocarpon). They are usually filamentous, rarely short lumpy and flattened, simple or branched and then either umbilicate, or curly; or they unravel brush-like or ever perpendicular to the long axis. Frequently they are very constant in occurrence and form, in other cases they are labile in distribution and form.
Rhizine felt -- in the case of soil and fissure lichens with squamulose thalli: felt (tomentum) of rhizine hyphae originating from the underside, which in many species may aggregate into loose strands.
Rhizine hyphae: single hyphae serving for anchoring. Rhizine strand above all in the case of soil and fissure lichens with squamulose thalli; the attachment organ originates on the undersurface by unlimited growth and very indefinite form, they are able to elongate and branch by terminal (growth) as well as by intercalary growth, and frequently thereby distribute themselves into cords, which by anastomoses may be further bound together. The rhizine strands serve for anchoring to the substrate. E.g. in the case of Lecidea sect. Psora, Squamaria, and Toninia.
Rimicolous -- in the case of habitat details: rock fissure dwelling.
Rimose -- in the case of crustose, preferably epilithic thalli: subdivided into usually irregular sharp edged parts by fine to coarse cracks, the side walls of the cracks, at least at first, not clearly having a cortex.
Rugose: wrinkled.
Schizidium pl. ia: a diaspore which arises through a splitting off parallel to the upper surface or the upper part of the areole or lobe, so that at least the lower part of the medulla remains as residue; as occurs especially in the case of Fulgensia.
Scleroplectenchyma: often used for chondroid tissue.
Septum pl ta: dividing walls which occur between individual cells in hyphae or spores.
Short branch ('kurzzweig') in the case of fruticose and beard lichens: in the form and size of ± uniformly branching lesser order, which are pointed and sit at right angles to the axis. In the case of Usnea they are strongly differentiated and are designated as fibrils.
Siliceous limestone ('kieselkalk') in the case of substrates: siliceous limestone with very differing lime content, in lichen growth frequently corresponding with calcareous slate, but also to distinguish the pure from the lime-free silica. For brevity, siliceous limestone (in a broader sense) is summarized with calcareous slate in the key.
Soralium pl. ia: a delimited part of the upper surface of the thallus, where soredia are produced, it may be marginal, peripheral, or laminal. See also edge-, fleck-, vaulted-, point-, collar-, spherical-, and fissure-soralia. Isidiate soralia occur on the end of isidia. For soralium also many authors use the historically perhaps correct, by all means today bewildering term soredium, which ought to be avoided in favor of better understanding.
Soredium pl. ia: rounded to frequently irregularly elliptical diaspores without cortex, measuring usually under 100 µ, which consist of ± numerous algae closely crowded in the center and surrounded by a hyphal envelope. Soredia are generally produced in large quantities in the region of the algal layer and occur either in special organs, the soralia, or diffusely upon the whole upper surface.The expression was at times also used for soralia.
Sorediate: provided with soredia, or also: with the upper surface disintegrated completely sorediate.
Spherical soralia ('kugelsoral'): soralia spherical, almost always appearing superficial, in various lichen groups. Sometimes seen as irregular appearing teratological structures of older plants with disks with no soredia on them.
Spilodium pl. ia: ± rounded, blackish flecks on the thallus of Dirinaria stenhammari, consisting of densely packed, dark hyphae. Significance and function unknown.
Strand: a group of parallel lying, often cohering hyphae.
Strand plectenchyma a tissue of compacted parallel, ± cohering hyphae. Especially used for mechanical fastening of stipes or fruticose thalli.
Stroma pl. mata: in the case of fungi: every thick vegetative tissue, that is used for the survival or for the assimilation by ascocarps or hymenia. In the case of lichens frequently only used for algae-free tissues, in which ascocarps or hymenia are embedded.
Stylospore: many-celled, often colored, asexually produced diaspores, which either are produced openly or in pycnidial bodies. Rare in the case of lichens.
Sub- : prefix which means "almost" or "not entirely". Subglobose = the expression: almost spherical.
Subcuticular -- in the case of folicolous lichens: underneath the cuticle of the host tissue, also growing between it and the epidermis.
Subhymenium: a layer of strongly interwoven hyphae lying under the hymenium, hence also the asci and paraphyses.
Submediterranean -- in the case of distribution details: growing in a region of sub Mediterranean rank, which is north of and higher than mediterranean. The most of the wine growing region for example belongs to the sub Mediterranean rank.
Submuriform -- in the case of ascospores: weakly muriform-divided, i.e. with cross walls and one longitudinal wall in it or many cross divisions.
Superficial -- in the case of the thallus: on the upper surface, not on the edge, laminal (e.g. soralia).
Tera pl. terata: general expression for wound-forms or regeneration forms.
Tericolous: soil-dwelling.
Terminal: at the end.
Tetrachotomous -- in the case of branching of Cladonia: always divided into 4 axes at the branch junctions.
Thalloid margin ('lagerrand') -- in the case of apothecia: seen in the lecanorine envelope from the top. The thalloid margin is usually clearly different in form and color from that of the disk, on the other hand generally like the thallus in color.
Thallus ('lager') -- in the case of thallophytes in general = thallus, the totality of the vegetative structures; in the case of lichens usually only referring to that with algae in contact with mycelium; algae free thallus is then designated as mycelium, an example of an algae free thallus-part is the prothallus.
Thallus margined ('lagerberandung') -- in the case of ascocarps: usually only unclearly set off from the thallus, a growth product of the thallus around the fruit body, not to be confused with the thalloid margin ('lagerrand'). It is such in the case of Opegraphia, Schismatomma, also Graphis.
Thecium, pl. ia: equivalent to hymenium.
Tholus -- in the case of asci: distinguished by a strongly thickened wall at the ascus tip.
Tomentum: upper surface covering of thick-standing, short erect or bent hyphae ends.
Trichome: single or many celled algae filament without the sheath.
Trichotomous -- in the case of branching of Cladonia: always dividing into 3 axes at the branching points.
Tubercle: large, often irregular warts on the upper surface of the thallus.
Umbilicate lichens: lichens whose thallus is attached to the substrate through an umbilicus.
UMBILICUS: the single, usually Ï central attachment point of the umbilicate lichens, often very strongly developed and reinforced with trabecula or lamellae; as in the case of Umbilicaria, Lasallia, Glypholicia, Dermatocarpon and others
Umbo: central or eccentric sterile growth of the hymenium, which finally results in a button in the disk; E.g. regularly occurring in the case of many species of Lecidea and Rhizocarpon. See also omphalodisc.
Umbonate -- in the case of apothecia: having a disk with an umbo.
Unilocular in the case of pseudothecia: with one locule.
Uniserial -- in the case of asci: spores in an undisturbed thallus one after another in a single row.
Unitunicate -- in the case of asci: ascus wall when ripe not splitting into 2 layers.
Urceolate -- in the case of apothecia: disk deeply urn-shaped.
Vaulted soralia: soralia occurring on the underside of lobes, through the vault-like swelling activity of the outermost lobe layer; rare in Physcia, implied in Xanthoria
Vein -- in the case of foliose lichens: vein-like, raised hyphal reticulum on the underside of the thallus, especially in Erioderma, Peltigera, Solorina. Even the cortex folds on the underside of one Dermatocarpon and species are occasionally designated as veins.
Veining -- Type of ordering of veins, either clearly separated or bounded by cross veins or coherent tomentum appearing to flow together the older part of the thallus.
Warts -- in the case of thallus upper surface: wart-like swelling. Warts are smaller than pustules and larger than granules; accordingly the series runs: granular - warty - pustulate.
WOUND FORM: phenotype resulting from injury (feeding by snails and insects, sand and snow erosion, etc.).
Xeric -- in the case of habitat details: occurring in dry regions.
Zonate -- in the case of crustose thalli: arranged in clearly radial zones, whereby it is generally surrounded by a prothallus, then a sterile thallus zone, finally a zone with young apothecia and the whole inner zone with fully developed fruiting bodies.
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FOX
Moderatore
Città: BAGNO A RIPOLI
Regione: Toscana
21536 Messaggi
Tutti i Forum |
Inserito il - 08 gennaio 2011 : 19:31:11
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| Poli:
poi chiudiamo, fondiamo assieme e iniziamo una traduzione ed editing. Che ne dite?
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Ciao Paolo, sono d'accordo!!
Sentiamo anche gli altri, facciamo un lavoro di equipe, per assemblarli tutti forse è meglio fare un foglio di Excel, che dite!
simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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Fatina
Utente V.I.P.
Città: Archi
Prov.: Chieti
Regione: Abruzzo
129 Messaggi
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Inserito il - 10 gennaio 2011 : 16:22:04
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Se vi seve una mano (per quanto mi sia possibile)fate un fischio...
"What a wonderful world!!" |
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FOX
Moderatore
Città: BAGNO A RIPOLI
Regione: Toscana
21536 Messaggi
Tutti i Forum |
Inserito il - 10 gennaio 2011 : 16:28:49
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Ciao Fatina,
ogni aiuto è sempre ben lieto....
ciao simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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spielhahn
Moderatore
Città: Tromello
Prov.: Pavia
Regione: Lombardia
2411 Messaggi
Flora e Fauna |
Inserito il - 10 gennaio 2011 : 16:50:17
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| Messaggio originario di FOX:
ogni aiuto è sempre ben lieto....
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beh ma allora se avete bisogno (...se vi fidate, più che altro... ) io contribuisco più che volentieri! (parlando di traduzione, nei limiti delle mie conoscenze)
se volete, fatemi pure sapere per mp
ciao 
Gabri |
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FOX
Moderatore
Città: BAGNO A RIPOLI
Regione: Toscana
21536 Messaggi
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Inserito il - 10 gennaio 2011 : 17:33:15
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Grazie Gabri, ben accetto...
intanto ho messo insieme i tre glossari, è stato un attimo farlo.
Molti sono doppioni e ne va elinato qualcuno, o forse conglobati e dare a loro il giusto significato.
Intanto gli aiuti offerti sono due...
Vi faccio sapere
simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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Kos
Utente V.I.P.
Città: colli euganei
Prov.: Padova
126 Messaggi
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Inserito il - 10 gennaio 2011 : 18:25:40
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Che bel lavoro!
E metterci anche la foto per ogni voce? E' chiedere troppo? 
Disponibile a dare una mano, per quel che posso...
Ciao Cos |
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FOX
Moderatore
Città: BAGNO A RIPOLI
Regione: Toscana
21536 Messaggi
Tutti i Forum |
Inserito il - 10 gennaio 2011 : 18:40:37
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Grazie Kos,
grazie ne terremo di conto...
non so, forse sarebbe interessante, un pò laborioso!
simo
Osserva in profondità, nel profondo della natura, solo così potrai comprendere ogni cosa. - Albert Einstein |
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Glossario - Lichenologico e micologico
